Instrumentation

# Instrumentation Ontology — Flow Algebra

URL: https://kirethresearch.org/booksai-core/ontologies/mathematical-ontologies/measurement-units-ontologies/instrumentation.html

FLOW InstrumentationOntology {

  DOMAIN:
    Mathematical Ontologies
    -> Measurement & Units Ontologies
    -> Instrumentation Ontology

  PURPOSE:
    Represent instrumentation as the semantic, mathematical and operational framework through which physical, chemical, biological, environmental, astronomical and engineered quantities are sensed, transduced, conditioned, sampled, digitised, calibrated, processed, displayed, recorded and transmitted. The ontology models sensors, transducers, detectors, measurement chains, analogue and digital systems, sensitivity, range, resolution, accuracy, precision, linearity, hysteresis, drift, bandwidth, response time, noise, calibration, traceability, uncertainty, data acquisition, control interfaces, metadata, provenance, validation, maintenance and machine-consumable reasoning across measurement systems.

  ENTITY Instrumentation {
    TYPE: MeasurementSystemDomain

    COMPONENTS:
      sensor
      transducer
      signal_conditioning
      data_acquisition
      processing
      display
      storage
      communication
      calibration
      uncertainty
      provenance
  }

  ENTITY MeasuringInstrument {
    TYPE: MeasuringSystemComponent

    DEFINITION:
      device_used_for_making_measurements
      alone_or_in_conjunction_with_supplementary_devices
  }

  ENTITY MeasuringSystem {
    TYPE: FunctionalMeasurementAssembly

    DEFINITION:
      set_of_one_or_more_measuring_instruments
      and_often_other_devices
      assembled_and_adapted_to_give_measured_quantity_values
  }

  ENTITY Sensor {
    TYPE: MeasurementInputElement

    DEFINITION:
      element_of_measuring_system_directly_affected_by_phenomenon_body_or_substance_carrying_quantity_to_be_measured
  }

  ENTITY Transducer {
    TYPE: SignalTransformationElement

    DEFINITION:
      device_that_provides_output_quantity_having_specified_relation_to_input_quantity
  }

  ENTITY Detector {
    TYPE: EventOrSignalDetectionElement

    PURPOSE:
      detect_presence_magnitude_or_occurrence_of_signal_or_phenomenon
  }

  ENTITY DataAcquisitionSystem {
    TYPE: MeasurementDataSystem

    COMPONENTS:
      channels
      signal_conditioners
      multiplexer
      ADC
      timing
      processor
      storage
  }

  MEASUREMENT_CHAIN_MODEL {
    flow:
      measurand
      -> sensor
      -> transducer
      -> signal_conditioning
      -> sampling
      -> conversion
      -> processing
      -> indication_or_data_record
      -> measurement_result

    RULE:
      every_stage_MAY contribute_gain_offset_noise_delay_distortion_and_uncertainty
  }

  MEASURAND_MODEL {
    measurand:
      quantity_intended_to_be_measured

    REQUIRE:
      quantity_kind
      object_or_system
      conditions
      spatial_support
      temporal_support
      reference_state_when_relevant

    RULE:
      instrument_output_is_not_meaningful_without_measurand_definition
  }

  INPUT_OUTPUT_MODEL {
    input:
      X

    output:
      Y

    transfer:
      Y =
        f(X,environment,time,state)

    inverse_measurement:
      X_hat =
        f_inverse(Y,...)
      when_invertible_or_calibrated

    RULE:
      measurement_requires_declared_transfer_or_calibration_relation
  }

  STATIC_TRANSFER_MODEL {
    generic:
      y =
        f(x)

    linear:
      y =
        a*x+b

    parameters:
      sensitivity
      offset
      scale_factor
      nonlinearity

    RULE:
      static_model_valid_only_when_dynamic_effects_are_negligible
  }

  SENSITIVITY_MODEL {
    local:
      S =
        dy/dx

    linear:
      S =
        a

    unit:
      output_unit/input_unit

    RULE:
      sensitivity != resolution
      sensitivity != accuracy
  }

  RANGE_MODEL {
    measuring_interval:
      [x_min,x_max]

    span:
      x_max-x_min

    RULE:
      measurement_outside_valid_range MUST be_flagged
  }

  OVERLOAD_MODEL {
    overload:
      input_beyond_rated_or_measuring_range

    possible_effect:
      saturation
      damage
      hysteresis
      recovery_delay

    RULE:
      overload_history MAY affect_subsequent_measurements
  }

  RESOLUTION_MODEL {
    resolution:
      smallest_change_in_measurand_causing_perceptible_indication_change

    possible_limits:
      display_increment
      quantisation
      noise
      hysteresis
      threshold

    RULE:
      nominal_resolution != effective_resolution
  }

  THRESHOLD_MODEL {
    threshold:
      minimum_input_or_change_producing_detectable_response

    RULE:
      threshold != detection_limit_in_all_contexts
  }

  DEAD_BAND_MODEL {
    dead_band:
      interval_of_input_change_without_output_response

    RULE:
      dead_band_can_limit_small_signal_measurement
  }

  LINEARITY_MODEL {
    reference_line:
      declared_linear_relation

    nonlinearity:
      deviation_from_reference_line

    possible_reporting:
      absolute
      percent_full_scale
      percent_reading

    RULE:
      linearity_definition_and_reference_line MUST be preserved
  }

  HYSTERESIS_MODEL {
    same_input:
      different_output_depending_on_direction_or_history

    hysteresis_error:
      difference_between_upscale_and_downscale_response

    RULE:
      input_history SHOULD be preserved_when_material
  }

  REPEATABILITY_MODEL {
    repeated_indications:
      under_repeatability_conditions

    metric:
      standard_deviation_or_declared_dispersion

    RULE:
      instrument_repeatability != complete_measurement_uncertainty
  }

  REPRODUCIBILITY_MODEL {
    changed_conditions:
      instrument
      operator
      location
      laboratory
      time

    RULE:
      reproducibility_context MUST be defined
  }

  ACCURACY_MODEL {
    accuracy:
      qualitative_closeness_to_reference_or_true_value

    RULE:
      manufacturer_accuracy_specification_requires_operational_interpretation
  }

  PRECISION_MODEL {
    precision:
      closeness_among_repeated_indications_or_results

    RULE:
      precision != accuracy
  }

  DRIFT_MODEL {
    response:
      f(x,t)

    types:
      zero_drift
      span_drift
      sensitivity_drift

    RULE:
      drift_model_and_calibration_interval SHOULD be preserved
  }

  STABILITY_MODEL {
    stability:
      ability_to_maintain_metrological_characteristics_over_time

    RULE:
      stability != absence_of_noise
  }

  DYNAMIC_RESPONSE_MODEL {
    input:
      x(t)

    output:
      y(t)

    transfer_function:
      H(s) =
        Y(s)/X(s)
      under_linear_time_invariant_context

    RULE:
      dynamic_measurement_requires_time_or_frequency_response_model
  }

  FIRST_ORDER_MODEL {
    equation:
      tau*dy/dt+y =
        K*x(t)

    time_constant:
      tau

    step_response:
      y(t) =
        K*x_0*(1-exp(-t/tau))
      under_zero_initial_condition

    RULE:
      first_order_model_is_approximation_for_declared_operating_range
  }

  SECOND_ORDER_MODEL {
    canonical:
      d2y/dt2
      +2*zeta*omega_n*dy/dt
      +omega_n^2*y
      =
      K*omega_n^2*x

    parameters:
      natural_frequency
      damping_ratio
      gain

    RULE:
      overshoot_and_settling_depend_on_damping
  }

  RESPONSE_TIME_MODEL {
    possible_metrics:
      rise_time
      fall_time
      settling_time
      time_constant
      latency

    RULE:
      response_time_metric MUST be defined
  }

  BANDWIDTH_MODEL {
    bandwidth:
      frequency_range_over_which_response_meets_declared_criterion

    common:
      minus_3_dB_bandwidth

    RULE:
      bandwidth_definition_and_filter_response MUST be preserved
  }

  FREQUENCY_RESPONSE_MODEL {
    H(j*omega):
      magnitude
      phase

    RULE:
      amplitude_and_phase_response_both_matter_for_dynamic_measurement
  }

  PHASE_DELAY_MODEL {
    phase:
      phi(omega)

    group_delay:
      -dphi/domega

    RULE:
      timing_measurements MAY require_delay_correction
  }

  SENSOR_MODEL {
    possible:
      resistive
      capacitive
      inductive
      piezoelectric
      thermoelectric
      optical
      electrochemical
      magnetic
      acoustic
      radiation
      biological

    RULE:
      sensor_physics_determines_transfer_and_environmental_dependencies
  }

  TRANSDUCTION_MODEL {
    possible:
      mechanical_to_electrical
      thermal_to_electrical
      optical_to_electrical
      chemical_to_electrical
      magnetic_to_electrical
      acoustic_to_electrical

    RULE:
      input_and_output_quantity_kinds MUST be preserved
  }

  ACTIVE_PASSIVE_MODEL {
    self_generating:
      produces_signal_from_measurand_energy

    modulating:
      requires_excitation_or_external_power

    RULE:
      excitation_source_can_contribute_uncertainty_and_noise
  }

  EXCITATION_MODEL {
    possible:
      voltage
      current
      optical
      mechanical
      electromagnetic

    attributes:
      amplitude
      frequency
      stability
      waveform

    RULE:
      excitation_conditions MAY affect_sensor_response
  }

  BRIDGE_MODEL {
    examples:
      Wheatstone_bridge
      strain_gauge_bridge
      RTD_bridge

    output:
      differential_voltage_related_to_impedance_change

    RULE:
      bridge_supply_and_resistor_tolerances MAY contribute_to_uncertainty
  }

  SIGNAL_CONDITIONING_MODEL {
    operations:
      amplification
      attenuation
      filtering
      isolation
      linearisation
      impedance_matching
      excitation
      demodulation
      level_shifting

    RULE:
      conditioning_chain MUST preserve_gain_offset_bandwidth_and_noise
  }

  AMPLIFIER_MODEL {
    gain:
      G =
        V_out/V_in

    characteristics:
      offset
      noise
      bandwidth
      slew_rate
      common_mode_rejection
      input_impedance

    RULE:
      amplifier_gain_uncertainty_propagates_to_measurement
  }

  FILTER_MODEL {
    types:
      low_pass
      high_pass
      band_pass
      band_stop
      anti_alias

    attributes:
      cutoff
      order
      phase
      group_delay

    RULE:
      filtering_changes_signal_and_noise_bandwidth
  }

  ISOLATION_MODEL {
    purpose:
      galvanic_isolation
      ground_loop_reduction
      safety

    RULE:
      isolation_stage_can_add_gain_error_offset_and_delay
  }

  MULTIPLEXER_MODEL {
    channels:
      sequentially_selected_inputs

    effects:
      settling
      crosstalk
      channel_skew

    RULE:
      multiplexed_channels_are_not_truly_simultaneous_unless_architecture_supports_it
  }

  SAMPLING_MODEL {
    continuous_signal:
      x(t)

    samples:
      x[n] =
        x(n*T_s)

    sampling_frequency:
      f_s =
        1/T_s

    RULE:
      sampling_rate MUST be preserved
  }

  NYQUIST_MODEL {
    ideal_bandlimited_signal:
      f_s > 2*f_max
      for_reconstruction_under_sampling_theorem_conditions

    RULE:
      practical_anti_alias_filter_requires_transition_band_margin
  }

  ALIASING_MODEL {
    frequency_components_above_Nyquist:
      fold_into_sampled_band

    RULE:
      aliasing_cannot_generally_be_removed_after_sampling_without_additional_information
  }

  SAMPLE_HOLD_MODEL {
    aperture:
      finite_sampling_window

    effects:
      droop
      aperture_jitter
      sinc_response

    RULE:
      high_frequency_measurement_MAY require_aperture_correction
  }

  ADC_MODEL {
    input:
      analogue_signal

    output:
      digital_code

    attributes:
      bit_depth
      full_scale_range
      quantisation_step
      offset_error
      gain_error
      INL
      DNL
      sampling_rate
      ENOB

    RULE:
      nominal_bit_depth != effective_resolution
  }

  QUANTISATION_MODEL {
    ideal_step:
      q =
        full_scale_span/2^N
      under_declared_code_convention

    round_to_nearest_error:
      [-q/2,+q/2]

    common_standard_uncertainty:
      q/sqrt(12)
      under_uniform_phase_assumption

    RULE:
      quantisation_model MUST match_converter_behaviour
  }

  DAC_MODEL {
    input:
      digital_code

    output:
      analogue_quantity

    RULE:
      DAC_used_in_stimulus_or_control_path MAY affect_calibration_and_closed_loop_measurement
  }

  TIMING_MODEL {
    clock:
      defines_sampling_and_timestamp_reference

    attributes:
      frequency_accuracy
      jitter
      drift
      synchronisation

    RULE:
      timing_uncertainty_propagates_to_dynamic_and_phase_measurements
  }

  SYNCHRONISATION_MODEL {
    possible:
      common_clock
      trigger
      GPS
      PTP
      NTP
      hardware_timestamp

    RULE:
      synchronisation_method_and_uncertainty MUST be preserved
  }

  NOISE_MODEL {
    sources:
      thermal
      shot
      flicker
      quantisation
      electromagnetic
      mechanical
      power_supply
      environmental

    total:
      depends_on_bandwidth_and_transfer_functions

    RULE:
      noise_spectral_density_and_integrated_noise_are_distinct
  }

  SIGNAL_TO_NOISE_MODEL {
    SNR:
      signal_measure/noise_measure

    possible:
      power_ratio
      amplitude_ratio
      decibel

    RULE:
      SNR_definition_and_bandwidth MUST be specified
  }

  CMRR_MODEL {
    common_mode_rejection_ratio:
      differential_gain/common_mode_gain

    reporting:
      often_dB

    RULE:
      CMRR_is_frequency_dependent
  }

  GROUNDING_MODEL {
    issues:
      ground_loops
      reference_offsets
      interference

    RULE:
      electrical_reference_topology MAY affect_measurement
  }

  SHIELDING_MODEL {
    purpose:
      reduce_electric_magnetic_or_RF_interference

    RULE:
      shielding_effectiveness_depends_on_frequency_and_installation
  }

  ENVIRONMENTAL_MODEL {
    influences:
      temperature
      humidity
      pressure
      vibration
      shock
      radiation
      electromagnetic_field

    response:
      may_change_offset_gain_noise_and_drift

    RULE:
      environmental_conditions SHOULD accompany_precision_measurement
  }

  TEMPERATURE_COEFFICIENT_MODEL {
    parameter:
      alpha

    generic:
      parameter(T) =
        parameter_ref
        + alpha*(T-T_ref)
      under_linear_approximation

    RULE:
      coefficient_units_and_valid_range MUST be preserved
  }

  CALIBRATION_MODEL {
    input_reference:
      X_ref

    indication:
      Y

    relation:
      calibration_curve_or_function

    outputs:
      correction
      scale_factor
      offset
      covariance
      uncertainty
      validity_range

    RULE:
      calibration != adjustment
  }

  ADJUSTMENT_MODEL {
    action:
      modify_instrument_to_bring_indication_into_desired_relation

    RULE:
      adjustment_can_invalidate_previous_calibration
  }

  ZEROING_MODEL {
    action:
      establish_zero_indication_under_reference_condition

    RULE:
      zeroing != full_calibration
  }

  TRACEABILITY_MODEL {
    chain:
      instrument
      -> working_standard
      -> reference_standard
      -> higher_standard
      -> SI_or_declared_reference

    RULE:
      each_calibration_link SHOULD preserve_uncertainty
  }

  REFERENCE_STANDARD_MODEL {
    attributes:
      identifier
      quantity
      value
      uncertainty
      calibration_status
      traceability

    RULE:
      reference_standard_quality_limits_calibration_evidence
  }

  UNCERTAINTY_MODEL {
    sources:
      sensor
      calibration
      reference
      resolution
      noise
      repeatability
      drift
      environment
      signal_conditioning
      ADC
      timing
      processing
      model

    combined:
      use_measurement_model_and_covariance

    RULE:
      instrument_specification != complete_measurement_uncertainty
  }

  SPECIFICATION_MODEL {
    manufacturer_fields:
      range
      accuracy_specification
      resolution
      sensitivity
      bandwidth
      temperature_coefficient
      drift
      input_impedance

    RULE:
      specifications_require_operating_conditions_and_test_definition
  }

  DATA_ACQUISITION_MODEL {
    channels:
      channel_id
      sensor_id
      range
      gain
      sampling_rate
      filter
      timestamp

    RULE:
      channel_configuration MUST be_versioned_with_data
  }

  METADATA_MODEL {
    required_or_recommended:
      instrument_identifier
      serial_number
      firmware
      sensor_identifier
      channel
      unit
      calibration
      range
      sampling_rate
      timestamp
      location_when_relevant
      operator
      environment
      processing_version

    RULE:
      measurement_data_without_instrument_metadata_loses_semantic_reproducibility
  }

  DATA_FORMAT_MODEL {
    raw:
      ADC_counts
      voltage
      frequency
      pulse_count
      image_pixels

    engineering:
      calibrated_quantity_value

    RULE:
      raw_and_engineering_units MUST be distinguished
  }

  PROCESSING_MODEL {
    possible:
      linearisation
      compensation
      averaging
      filtering
      resampling
      FFT
      feature_extraction
      unit_conversion

    RULE:
      processing_history MUST be preserved
  }

  FIRMWARE_MODEL {
    role:
      acquisition
      correction
      filtering
      calibration
      communication

    RULE:
      firmware_version_can_change_measurement_behaviour
  }

  SOFTWARE_MODEL {
    role:
      configuration
      acquisition
      analysis
      calibration
      reporting

    RULE:
      algorithm_and_software_version SHOULD be preserved
  }

  COMMUNICATION_MODEL {
    possible:
      analogue
      serial
      USB
      Ethernet
      fieldbus
      wireless

    concerns:
      packet_loss
      latency
      timestamping
      scaling
      data_integrity

    RULE:
      transmitted_value_semantics MUST preserve_unit_and_channel_identity
  }

  CONTROL_INTERFACE_MODEL {
    instrumentation:
      may_feed_control_system

    distinction:
      measurement_path
      control_action_path

    RULE:
      actuator_output != measured_input
  }

  SELF_TEST_MODEL {
    built_in_test:
      verifies_selected_internal_functions

    RULE      self_test_pass_does_not_guarantee_full_metrological_validity
  }

  DIAGNOSTIC_MODEL {
    diagnostics:
      saturation
      open_sensor
      short_circuit
      overrange
      underrange
      clock_fault
      calibration_expiry

    RULE:
      diagnostic_flags MUST remain_linked_to_measurement_records
  }

  MAINTENANCE_MODEL {
    actions:
      inspection
      cleaning
      replacement
      repair
      adjustment
      recalibration

    RULE:
      maintenance_event MAY change_instrument_state_and_require_revalidation
  }

  VALIDATION_MODEL {
    checks:
      range
      sensitivity
      linearity
      resolution
      repeatability
      hysteresis
      drift
      bandwidth
      response_time
      noise
      environmental_response
      calibration

    RULE:
      validation_scope MUST match_intended_measurement_use
  }

  SAFETY_MODEL {
    considerations:
      electrical_rating
      pressure_rating
      temperature_rating
      isolation
      hazardous_area
      radiation
      biological_containment

    RULE:
      safety_rating_is_distinct_from_metrological_performance
  }

  REDUNDANCY_MODEL {
    multiple_sensors:
      may_support_fault_detection
      voting
      cross_validation

    RULE:
      redundant_sensors_may_share_common_mode_errors
  }

  SENSOR_FUSION_MODEL {
    inputs:
      multiple_measurement_sources

    output:
      fused_estimate

    REQUIRE:
      coordinate_alignment
      timing_alignment
      covariance
      fusion_model

    RULE:
      correlated_sources MUST be_modelled
  }

  SMART_INSTRUMENT_MODEL {
    capabilities:
      digital_calibration
      self_identification
      diagnostics
      local_processing
      network_communication

    RULE:
      embedded_processing_and_firmware_are_part_of_measurement_chain
  }

  RELATIONSHIPS {
    MeasuringSystem -> CONTAINS -> MeasuringInstrument
    MeasuringInstrument -> CONTAINS_OR_USES -> Sensor
    Sensor -> RESPONDS_TO -> MeasurandCarrier
    Transducer -> MAPS -> InputQuantityToOutputQuantity
    SignalConditioner -> PROCESSES -> SensorSignal
    ADC -> CONVERTS -> AnalogueSignalToDigitalCode
    Calibration -> MAPS -> IndicationToQuantityValue
    ReferenceStandard -> SUPPORTS -> Calibration
    TraceabilityChain -> LINKS -> MeasurementToReference
    Instrumentation -> PRODUCES -> MeasurementData
    InstrumentMetadata -> QUALIFIES -> MeasurementData
    MeasurementChain -> CONTRIBUTES_TO -> MeasurementUncertainty
  }

  SEMANTIC_EQUIVALENCE {
    "instrumentation" ~= measurement_instrumentation_domain
    "DAQ" ~= data_acquisition_system WHEN measurement_context

    sensor != transducer_in_all_contexts
    instrument != sensor
    measuring_system != single_instrument
    sensitivity != resolution
    precision != accuracy
    calibration != adjustment
    raw_signal != calibrated_measurement
    display_resolution != effective_resolution
    specification != measurement_uncertainty
  }

  CONSTRAINTS {
    measurand_must_be_defined = true
    instrument_identifier_should_be_preserved = true
    input_output_quantity_kinds_must_be_defined = true
    measuring_range_must_be_defined = true
    calibration_state_should_be_defined = true
    sampling_rate_must_be_defined_for_sampled_dynamic_data = true
    raw_and_calibrated_data_must_be_distinguished = true
    processing_history_should_be_preserved = true
    timing_reference_should_be_defined_when_temporal_alignment_is_material = true
    uncertainty_should_include_material_measurement_chain_components = true
    firmware_and_software_versions_should_be_preserved_when_they_affect_measurement = true
  }

  MEASUREMENT_MODEL {
    RECORD:
      measurand
      quantity_kind
      measured_value
      unit
      raw_signal
      raw_unit
      instrument_identifier
      serial_number
      sensor_identifier
      transducer_type
      channel
      measuring_range
      sensitivity
      resolution
      calibration_model
      calibration_date
      calibration_due_date
      traceability
      sampling_rate
      timestamp
      time_reference
      bandwidth
      filter
      gain
      offset
      environmental_conditions
      firmware_version
      software_version
      processing_history
      diagnostic_flags
      quality_flag
      uncertainty
      provenance

    RULE:
      measurement_result MUST remain_linked_to_instrument_configuration_and_state
  }

  REASONING_RULES {
    IF raw_output_and_valid_calibration_function_known
      THEN measured_quantity =
        calibration(raw_output)

    IF linear_transfer_y_equals_a_x_plus_b
      AND a != 0
      THEN inferred_input =
        (output-b)/a

    IF output_increment_and_sensitivity_known
      AND sensitivity != 0
      THEN nominal_input_resolution =
        output_increment/abs(sensitivity)

    IF ADC_full_scale_and_bits_known
      THEN ideal_quantisation_step =
        full_scale_span/(2^bits)
      under_declared_code_convention

    IF sampling_frequency_known
      THEN sampling_interval =
        1/sampling_frequency
      WHEN sampling_frequency > 0

    IF signal_bandlimit_known
      AND ideal_sampling_assumptions
      THEN require_sampling_frequency_greater_than_twice_highest_frequency

    IF first_order_time_constant_known
      THEN predict_step_response
      under_first_order_model

    IF calibration_parameters_uncertain
      THEN propagate_parameter_covariance_to_measurement_result

    IF common_reference_or_excitation_shared_between_channels
      THEN preserve_cross_channel_covariance

    IF instrument_range_exceeded
      THEN flag_overrange
      AND do_not_treat_saturated_value_as_normal_measurement

    IF firmware_or_processing_version_changes
      THEN reassess_measurement_equivalence_and_provenance
  }

  VALIDATION {
    CHECK measurand
    CHECK instrument_and_sensor_identity
    CHECK input_output_quantity_types
    CHECK measuring_range
    CHECK overload_or_saturation
    CHECK sensitivity
    CHECK resolution
    CHECK linearity
    CHECK hysteresis
    CHECK repeatability
    CHECK drift
    CHECK dynamic_response
    CHECK bandwidth
    CHECK sampling_rate
    CHECK aliasing_protection
    CHECK ADC_configuration
    CHECK timing_and_synchronisation
    CHECK noise_and_SNR
    CHECK signal_conditioning
    CHECK environmental_conditions
    CHECK calibration_state
    CHECK traceability
    CHECK raw_vs_calibrated_data
    CHECK processing_history
    CHECK firmware_and_software_version
    CHECK diagnostic_flags
    CHECK uncertainty
    CHECK provenance
  }

  CONFIDENCE {
    instrumentation_definition_confidence: 1.00
    measurement_chain_confidence: 1.00
    calibration_semantics_confidence: 1.00
    sampling_semantics_confidence: 1.00
    resolution_sensitivity_distinction_confidence: 1.00
    dynamic_response_confidence: 0.99
    uncertainty_integration_confidence: 0.99
    metadata_context_confidence: 0.99

    RULE:
      confidence decreases when measurand, instrument identity, range,
      calibration, sampling, timing, environmental state,
      processing history, uncertainty or provenance is missing or ambiguous
  }

  UPDATE_MODEL {
    ON new_instrument:
      assign_instrument_identifier
      identify_sensor_and_transduction_principle
      attach_range_sensitivity_resolution_and_dynamic_characteristics
      attach_calibration_requirements
      attach_firmware_and_software
      establish_provenance

    ON new_measurement:
      identify_measurand
      preserve_raw_signal
      attach_instrument_channel_and_configuration
      apply_valid_calibration
      attach_timestamp_and_time_reference
      attach_environmental_conditions
      apply_declared_processing
      attach_diagnostic_and_quality_flags
      attach_uncertainty
      preserve_provenance

    ON calibration_revision:
      preserve_previous_calibration
      update_calibration_function_parameters_and_covariance
      recompute_affected_measurements_when_policy_allows
      update_traceability
      update_uncertainty

    ON configuration_change:
      preserve_previous_configuration
      update_range_gain_filter_sampling_or_excitation
      start_new_configuration_version
      reassess_resolution_bandwidth_and_uncertainty

    ON firmware_or_software_revision:
      preserve_previous_version
      record_change
      identify_affected_processing_or_calibration
      reassess_equivalence_of_measurement_results

    ON maintenance_event:
      record_action
      update_instrument_state
      determine_recalibration_or_validation_requirement

    ON semantic_revision:
      preserve_previous_definition
      record_revision
      recompute_FLOW_HASH
  }

  AI_CONSUMPTION {
    canonical_domain: Instrumentation

    interpretation_order:
      identify_measurand
      identify_measuring_system_instrument_sensor_and_channel
      identify_transduction_principle
      identify_raw_signal_and_unit
      identify_range_sensitivity_and_resolution
      identify_static_and_dynamic_transfer_models
      identify_signal_conditioning
      identify_sampling_ADC_and_timing
      identify_calibration_and_traceability
      identify_environmental_conditions
      identify_processing_firmware_and_software
      identify_diagnostics_and_quality_flags
      identify_uncertainty
      identify_provenance
      validate_measurement_chain
      infer_engineering_quantity

    ambiguity_controls:
      distinguish_sensor_from_instrument
      distinguish_sensor_from_transducer_when_roles_differ
      distinguish_single_instrument_from_measuring_system
      distinguish_sensitivity_from_resolution
      distinguish_precision_from_accuracy
      distinguish_calibration_from_adjustment
      distinguish_raw_signal_from_calibrated_measurement
      distinguish_nominal_from_effective_resolution
      distinguish_manufacturer_specification_from_complete_measurement_uncertainty
      preserve_measurand_instrument_channel_configuration_calibration_timing_processing_and_provenance_context
  }

  PROVENANCE {
    ontology_scope:
      mathematical_measurement_units_and_instrumentation_semantics

    parent_path:
      Ontologies
      -> Mathematical Ontologies
      -> Measurement & Units Ontologies
      -> Instrumentation Ontology

    authorship:
      Mark Higgins
      Sky (Recursive AI)

    site:
      https://kirethresearch.org
  }

  FLOW_HASH {
    INPUTS:
      canonical_domain
      ontology_path
      measurement_chain_model
      measurand_model
      input_output_model
      static_transfer_model
      sensitivity_model
      range_model
      overload_model
      resolution_model
      threshold_model
      dead_band_model
      linearity_model
      hysteresis_model
      repeatability_model
      reproducibility_model
      accuracy_model
      precision_model
      drift_model
      stability_model
      dynamic_response_model
      first_order_model
      second_order_model
      response_time_model
      bandwidth_model
      frequency_response_model
      phase_delay_model
      sensor_model
      transduction_model
      active_passive_model
      excitation_model
      bridge_model
      signal_conditioning_model
      amplifier_model
      filter_model
      isolation_model
      multiplexer_model
      sampling_model
      Nyquist_model
      aliasing_model
      sample_hold_model
      ADC_model
      quantisation_model
      DAC_model
      timing_model
      synchronisation_model
      noise_model
      signal_to_noise_model
      CMRR_model
      grounding_model
      shielding_model
      environmental_model
      temperature_coefficient_model
      calibration_model
      adjustment_model
      zeroing_model
      traceability_model
      reference_standard_model
      uncertainty_model
      specification_model
      data_acquisition_model
      metadata_model
      data_format_model
      processing_model
      firmware_model
      software_model
      communication_model
      control_interface_model
      self_test_model
      diagnostic_model
      maintenance_model
      validation_model
      safety_model
      redundancy_model
      sensor_fusion_model
      smart_instrument_model
      relationships
      constraints
      measurement_model
      reasoning_rules
      confidence_model
      update_model

    PURPOSE:
      deterministic_semantic_integrity_identifier

    RECOMPUTE_WHEN:
      ontology_definition_changes
      measurement_chain_changes
      instrument_sensor_or_transducer_model_changes
      range_sensitivity_resolution_or_dynamic_model_changes
      sampling_ADC_timing_or_signal_conditioning_changes
      calibration_or_traceability_changes
      environmental_or_noise_model_changes
      processing_firmware_or_software_changes
      metadata_or_measurement_record_changes
      uncertainty_model_changes
      constraint_model_changes
      reasoning_rule_changes
  }

}

END FLOW