Forging Ontology

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FORGING ONTOLOGY
Kireth Semantic Research Archive

AUTHORS
Mark Anthony Higgins — Sky (Recursive AI)

SOURCE
https://kirethresearch.org/booksai-core/ontologies/engineering-ontologies/manufacturing-engineering/forging-ontology.html

FLOW "ForgingOntology" v4.0

DOMAIN := ENGINEERING_ONTOLOGIES / MANUFACTURING_ENGINEERING / FORGING
ONTOLOGY := FORGING_ONTOLOGY

FORGING := WORKPIECE + MATERIAL + HEATING + DIE + TOOLING + COMPRESSIVE_FORCE + PLASTIC_DEFORMATION + MATERIAL_FLOW + TEMPERATURE + STRAIN + FINISHING + INSPECTION
PURPOSE := DEFINE_COMPONENT -> SELECT_MATERIAL -> PREPARE_STOCK -> HEAT_IF_REQUIRED -> APPLY_FORCE -> CONTROL_FLOW -> FORM_GEOMETRY -> TRIM -> HEAT_TREAT -> INSPECT

# CORE ENTITIES
ENTITY ForgingProcess
ENTITY ForgedComponent
ENTITY ForgingMaterial
ENTITY Billet
ENTITY Workpiece
ENTITY Die
ENTITY ForgingPress
ENTITY ForgingHammer
ENTITY Tooling
ENTITY Lubricant
ENTITY Furnace
ENTITY Temperature
ENTITY Force
ENTITY Energy
ENTITY PlasticDeformation
ENTITY MaterialFlow
ENTITY Strain
ENTITY StrainRate
ENTITY FlowStress
ENTITY Flash
ENTITY DraftAngle
ENTITY PartingLine
ENTITY GrainFlow
ENTITY Recrystallisation
ENTITY ForgingDefect
ENTITY Laps
ENTITY Cracks
ENTITY Underfill
ENTITY DieMismatch
ENTITY Trimming
ENTITY HeatTreatment
ENTITY Inspection
ENTITY Tolerance
ENTITY QualityRequirement

# PROCESS
ForgingProcess -> transforms -> Workpiece -> ForgedComponent
ForgingProcess -> uses -> Tooling
ForgingProcess -> applies -> Force
ForgingProcess -> causes -> PlasticDeformation
ForgingProcess -> controls -> MaterialFlow
FORGING_FLOW := PRODUCT_DEFINITION -> STOCK_PREPARATION -> HEATING -> LUBRICATION -> POSITIONING -> DEFORMATION -> TRIMMING -> HEAT_TREATMENT -> FINISHING -> INSPECTION

# TYPES
FORGING_PROCESS_TYPE := OPEN_DIE_FORGING | CLOSED_DIE_FORGING | IMPRESSION_DIE_FORGING | UPSET_FORGING | ROLL_FORGING | PRESS_FORGING | HAMMER_FORGING | COLD_FORGING | WARM_FORGING | HOT_FORGING
ForgingProcessType -> selected_by -> MATERIAL + COMPONENT_SIZE + GEOMETRY + PRODUCTION_VOLUME + TOLERANCE + PROPERTY_REQUIREMENT

# MATERIAL / TEMPERATURE
ForgingMaterial -> has_property -> DUCTILITY + FLOW_STRESS + RECRYSTALLISATION_BEHAVIOUR + THERMAL_PROPERTY + STRAIN_RATE_SENSITIVITY
Furnace -> heats -> Workpiece
HEATING := WORKPIECE -> HEAT_INPUT -> FORGING_TEMPERATURE
ForgingTemperature -> influences -> FlowStress + Ductility + Oxidation + GrainStructure
IF ForgingTemperature decreases THEN FlowStress -> GENERALLY_INCREASES

# DIES
Die -> contacts -> Workpiece
Die -> defines -> FORMED_SURFACE
DIE_DESIGN := CAVITY_GEOMETRY + DraftAngle + PartingLine + FILLET_RADIUS + FLASH_LAND + GUTTER
DieDesign -> influences -> MaterialFlow + RequiredForce + DefectRisk + ToolLife

# OPEN / CLOSED DIE
OPEN_DIE_FORGING := WORKPIECE + SIMPLE_DIES + REPEATED_COMPRESSION -> SHAPE_CHANGE
CLOSED_DIE_FORGING := WORKPIECE -> DIE_CAVITY -> COMPRESSIVE_DEFORMATION -> CAVITY_FILLING -> FORGED_SHAPE
ImpressionDieForging -> may_generate -> Flash
IF MaterialVolume insufficient THEN UnderfillRisk -> INCREASES

# FORCE / ENERGY
Force -> applied_by -> ForgingPress | ForgingHammer
ForgingPress -> applies -> CONTROLLED_COMPRESSIVE_LOAD
ForgingHammer -> applies -> IMPACT_ENERGY
FORGING_PRESSURE := Force / CONTACT_AREA
REQUIRED_FORCE := FUNCTION(FlowStress, ContactArea, Friction, Geometry, Constraint)
FORGING_ENERGY := INTEGRAL(Force, Displacement)
IF RequiredForce > MachineCapacity THEN ForgingSetup -> INVALID

# DEFORMATION / FLOW
PlasticDeformation -> permanently_changes -> WorkpieceGeometry
Strain -> quantifies -> DEFORMATION
StrainRate -> quantifies -> RATE_OF_DEFORMATION
FlowStress -> depends_on -> Strain + StrainRate + Temperature + MaterialState
MaterialFlow -> driven_by -> APPLIED_PRESSURE
MaterialFlow -> constrained_by -> DIE_GEOMETRY + FRICTION + MATERIAL_BEHAVIOUR
MaterialFlow -> fills -> DIE_CAVITY
GrainFlow -> may_follow -> DEFORMATION_PATH

# FRICTION / FLASH
Friction -> occurs_at -> DIE_WORKPIECE_INTERFACE
Friction -> influences -> MaterialFlow + RequiredForce + DieWear + SurfaceQuality
Lubricant -> reduces -> Friction
Flash -> forms_at -> PARTING_REGION
Trimming -> separates -> Flash -> from -> ForgedComponent

# MICROSTRUCTURE
Recrystallisation -> may_occur_during_or_after -> HOT_DEFORMATION
Recrystallisation -> modifies -> GrainStructure
GrainFlow -> influenced_by -> WorkpiecePreform + MaterialFlow + DieGeometry
GrainFlow -> influences -> DIRECTIONAL_MECHANICAL_PROPERTIES

# DEFECTS
ForgingDefect := Laps | Cracks | Underfill | DieMismatch | EXCESS_FLASH | INTERNAL_VOID | SURFACE_DEFECT
Laps -> may_result_from -> IMPROPER_MATERIAL_FLOW
Cracks -> may_result_from -> EXCESSIVE_STRAIN + LOW_DUCTILITY + IMPROPER_TEMPERATURE
DieMismatch -> may_result_from -> DIE_MISALIGNMENT
Underfill -> may_result_from -> INSUFFICIENT_MATERIAL + INSUFFICIENT_LOAD + POOR_FLOW

# FINISHING / QUALITY
HeatTreatment -> modifies -> GrainStructure + HARDNESS + STRENGTH + TOUGHNESS + RESIDUAL_STRESS
FORGING_FINISHING := TRIMMING + DESCALING + SHOT_BLASTING + STRAIGHTENING + MACHINING + SURFACE_TREATMENT
Tolerance -> defines -> ACCEPTABLE_DIMENSIONAL_VARIATION
Inspection -> evaluates -> ForgedComponent
INSPECTION_METHOD := VISUAL | DIMENSIONAL | ULTRASONIC | MAGNETIC_PARTICLE | DYE_PENETRANT | HARDNESS_TEST | MECHANICAL_TEST
QualityRequirement -> constrains -> ForgedComponent
FORGING_QUALITY := DIMENSIONAL_ACCURACY + SURFACE_QUALITY + INTERNAL_INTEGRITY + GRAIN_FLOW + MECHANICAL_PROPERTIES + DEFECT_LEVEL
IF DefectLevel exceeds AcceptanceLimit THEN ForgingState -> NONCONFORMING

# PERFORMANCE / REASONING
MATERIAL_YIELD := MASS_OF_ACCEPTABLE_FORGING / INPUT_STOCK_MASS
FORGING_PERFORMANCE := MATERIAL_YIELD + CYCLE_TIME + DIE_LIFE + ENERGY_USE + DIMENSIONAL_ACCURACY + DEFECT_RATE + MECHANICAL_PROPERTY_QUALITY
FORGING_REASONING := DEFINE_COMPONENT -> SELECT_MATERIAL -> SELECT_PROCESS -> DEFINE_STOCK -> DESIGN_DIES -> DEFINE_TEMPERATURE -> DEFINE_LUBRICATION -> CALCULATE_FORCE_AND_ENERGY -> MODEL_MATERIAL_FLOW -> VERIFY_FILLING -> ASSESS_GRAIN_FLOW -> ASSESS_DEFECT_RISK -> EXECUTE -> FINISH -> INSPECT -> VERIFY -> OPTIMISE

# INFERENCE RULES
IF ForgingTemperature decreases THEN FlowStress -> GENERALLY_INCREASES
IF FlowStress increases THEN RequiredForce -> GENERALLY_INCREASES
IF Friction increases THEN RequiredForce -> MAY_INCREASE
IF DieWear increases THEN DimensionalVariation -> MAY_INCREASE
IF MaterialVolume insufficient THEN UnderfillRisk -> INCREASES
IF Ductility decreases THEN CrackRisk -> MAY_INCREASE
IF RequiredForce exceeds MachineCapacity THEN ForgingOperation -> INVALID

# SEMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS
RELATION transforms(ForgingProcess, Workpiece, ForgedComponent)
RELATION heats(Furnace, Workpiece)
RELATION contacts(Die, Workpiece)
RELATION applies(ForgingPress, Force)
RELATION applies(ForgingHammer, ImpactEnergy)
RELATION causes(Force, PlasticDeformation)
RELATION drives(Pressure, MaterialFlow)
RELATION fills(MaterialFlow, DieCavity)
RELATION reduces(Lubricant, Friction)
RELATION removes(Trimming, Flash)
RELATION influences(Recrystallisation, GrainStructure)
RELATION detects(Inspection, ForgingDefect)

# SEMANTIC EQUIVALENCE
SEMANTIC_EQUIVALENCE:
  "forging" ~= "metal forging process"
  "open-die forging" ~= "free forging"
  "closed-die forging" ~= "impression forging"
  "forging billet" ~= "forging stock"
  "flow stress" ~= "deformation flow stress"
  "grain flow" ~= "forging fibre flow"
  "flash" ~= "forging flash"
  "parting line" ~= "die parting line"

# CONFIDENCE
CONFIDENCE:
  ontology_domain: 0.99
  process_mapping: 0.99
  material_mapping: 0.99
  die_tooling_mapping: 0.99
  force_energy_mapping: 0.99
  deformation_flow_mapping: 0.99
  temperature_mapping: 0.99
  defect_mapping: 0.99
  inspection_quality_mapping: 0.99
  semantic_relationships: 0.99

# UPDATE MODEL
UPDATE_MODEL:
  ON new_forging_process:
    MAP process_type
    MAP material
    MAP stock
    MAP die_design
    MAP temperature
    MAP machine
    MAP lubrication
    UPDATE confidence
    RECOMPUTE FLOW_HASH
  ON process_measurement:
    UPDATE temperature
    UPDATE force
    UPDATE displacement
    UPDATE energy
    UPDATE die_state
    PRESERVE provenance
  ON inspection_result:
    UPDATE defect_state
    UPDATE dimensional_state
    UPDATE property_state
    UPDATE conformance

# AI CONSUMPTION
AI_CONSUMPTION:
  parse_as: FORMAL_FORGING_ONTOLOGY
  reasoning_mode: PLASTIC_DEFORMATION_MATERIAL_FLOW_RELATIONAL
  preserve: [typed_entities, material_identity, temperature_state, force_energy_relations, die_geometry_relations, deformation_history, defect_state, quality_constraints, confidence, provenance]
  infer: [process_selection_dependencies, force_requirements, material_flow_dependencies, die_filling_state, grain_flow_dependencies, defect_risk, conformance_state]
  prohibit: [invented_forging_measurements, assumed_material_properties, assumed_die_filling, unsupported_force_values, assumed_defect_free_state, fabricated_inspection_results]

# FLOW HASH
FLOW_HASH_INPUT := DOMAIN + ONTOLOGY + CORE_ENTITIES + PROCESS + TYPES + MATERIAL_TEMPERATURE + DIES + OPEN_CLOSED_DIE + FORCE_ENERGY + DEFORMATION_FLOW + FRICTION_FLASH + MICROSTRUCTURE + DEFECTS + FINISHING_QUALITY + PERFORMANCE + REASONING + INFERENCE_RULES + SEMANTIC_RELATIONSHIPS + SEMANTIC_EQUIVALENCE + CONFIDENCE + UPDATE_MODEL + AI_CONSUMPTION
FLOW_HASH := HASH(FLOW_HASH_INPUT)

END FLOW