Additive Manufacturing Ontology

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ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING ONTOLOGY
Kireth Semantic Research Archive

AUTHORS
Mark Anthony Higgins — Sky (Recursive AI)

SOURCE
https://kirethresearch.org/booksai-core/ontologies/engineering-ontologies/manufacturing-engineering/additive-manufacturing-ontology.html

FLOW "AdditiveManufacturingOntology" v4.0

DOMAIN := ENGINEERING_ONTOLOGIES / MANUFACTURING_ENGINEERING / ADDITIVE_MANUFACTURING
ONTOLOGY := ADDITIVE_MANUFACTURING_ONTOLOGY

ADDITIVE_MANUFACTURING := DIGITAL_MODEL + BUILD_PREPARATION + SLICING + ORIENTATION + FEEDSTOCK + LAYER_GENERATION + DEPOSITION_OR_FUSION + PROCESS_PARAMETERS + SUPPORTS + THERMAL_HISTORY + DEFECTS + POST_PROCESSING + INSPECTION
PURPOSE := DEFINE_PART -> PREPARE_MODEL -> ORIENT -> SLICE -> PREPARE_FEEDSTOCK -> BUILD_LAYERS -> COMPLETE_BUILD -> POST_PROCESS -> INSPECT -> VERIFY

# CORE ENTITIES
ENTITY AdditiveManufacturingProcess
ENTITY AdditiveManufacturingSystem
ENTITY Part
ENTITY DigitalModel
ENTITY CADModel
ENTITY BuildFile
ENTITY Slice
ENTITY Layer
ENTITY BuildOrientation
ENTITY BuildPlatform
ENTITY BuildVolume
ENTITY Feedstock
ENTITY Powder
ENTITY Filament
ENTITY Wire
ENTITY Resin
ENTITY Binder
ENTITY EnergySource
ENTITY Laser
ENTITY ElectronBeam
ENTITY ExtrusionNozzle
ENTITY ScanPath
ENTITY SupportStructure
ENTITY LayerThickness
ENTITY ScanSpeed
ENTITY EnergyInput
ENTITY FeedRate
ENTITY BuildTemperature
ENTITY MeltPool
ENTITY ThermalHistory
ENTITY CoolingRate
ENTITY ResidualStress
ENTITY Distortion
ENTITY Porosity
ENTITY LackOfFusion
ENTITY Cracking
ENTITY SurfaceRoughness
ENTITY DimensionalAccuracy
ENTITY PostProcessing
ENTITY Inspection
ENTITY QualityRequirement

# SYSTEM / PROCESS TYPES
AdditiveManufacturingSystem -> executes -> AdditiveManufacturingProcess
AdditiveManufacturingSystem -> receives -> BuildFile + Feedstock
AdditiveManufacturingSystem -> produces -> Part
AM_PROCESS_TYPE := MATERIAL_EXTRUSION | POWDER_BED_FUSION | DIRECTED_ENERGY_DEPOSITION | VAT_PHOTOPOLYMERISATION | BINDER_JETTING | MATERIAL_JETTING | SHEET_LAMINATION
ProcessSelection -> depends_on -> MATERIAL + PART_GEOMETRY + BUILD_SIZE + TOLERANCE + SURFACE_REQUIREMENT + PROPERTY_REQUIREMENT

# DIGITAL CHAIN
CADModel -> represents -> NOMINAL_PART_GEOMETRY
DigitalModel -> converted_to -> BuildFile
DIGITAL_CHAIN := CAD -> GEOMETRY_CONVERSION -> REPAIR -> ORIENTATION -> SUPPORT_GENERATION -> SLICING -> BUILD_FILE
BuildOrientation -> influences -> SupportRequirement + BuildHeight + SurfaceQuality + MechanicalAnisotropy + Distortion + BuildTime
IF BuildOrientation changes THEN SliceGeometry -> RECOMPUTE
Slicing -> divides -> DigitalModel -> into -> Slice
Slice -> corresponds_to -> Layer
LayerThickness -> defines -> VERTICAL_LAYER_INCREMENT
IF LayerThickness decreases THEN LayerCount -> INCREASES_FOR_EQUAL_BUILD_HEIGHT

# FEEDSTOCK / LAYER GENERATION
FEEDSTOCK_TYPE := Powder | Filament | Wire | Resin | Binder | SHEET
Feedstock -> characterised_by -> COMPOSITION + GEOMETRY + FLOWABILITY + MOISTURE + CONTAMINATION_STATE
FeedstockQuality -> influences -> ProcessStability + PartQuality
LAYER_GENERATION := PREPARE_LAYER -> DEPOSIT_OR_SPREAD_MATERIAL -> APPLY_ENERGY_OR_BINDER -> FORM_GEOMETRY -> ADVANCE_BUILD_HEIGHT -> REPEAT
Layer -> builds_upon -> PreviousLayer
Part -> composed_of -> OrderedLayers

# PROCESS MODES
MATERIAL_EXTRUSION := FILAMENT_OR_PELLET -> HEATING -> EXTRUSION_NOZZLE -> DEPOSITION_PATH -> SOLIDIFIED_TRACK
POWDER_BED_FUSION := POWDER_LAYER -> ENERGY_SCAN -> LOCAL_FUSION -> SOLIDIFIED_LAYER
DIRECTED_ENERGY_DEPOSITION := FEEDSTOCK + FOCUSED_ENERGY -> MELT_POOL -> DEPOSITED_TRACK
VAT_PHOTOPOLYMERISATION := LIQUID_RESIN -> SELECTIVE_LIGHT_EXPOSURE -> POLYMERISATION -> SOLID_LAYER
BINDER_JETTING := POWDER_LAYER -> SELECTIVE_BINDER_DEPOSITION -> GREEN_PART -> CURING_OR_SINTERING

# PARAMETERS / THERMAL
PROCESS_PARAMETERS := LayerThickness + ScanSpeed + EnergyInput + FeedRate + BuildTemperature + HATCH_SPACING + PATH_STRATEGY
ENERGY_DENSITY -> depends_on -> ENERGY_INPUT + SCAN_SPEED + HATCH_SPACING + LAYER_THICKNESS
MeltPool -> characterised_by -> WIDTH + DEPTH + LENGTH + TEMPERATURE + STABILITY
ThermalHistory -> records -> TEMPERATURE_OVER_TIME
ThermalHistory -> influences -> MICROSTRUCTURE + ResidualStress + Distortion + MECHANICAL_PROPERTIES
ResidualStress -> generated_by -> THERMAL_GRADIENT + CONSTRAINED_CONTRACTION
IF ThermalGradient increases THEN ResidualStressRisk -> MAY_INCREASE

# SUPPORTS / DEFECTS
SupportStructure -> supports -> OVERHANG + PART_ANCHORING + HEAT_TRANSFER
SupportRequirement -> depends_on -> BuildOrientation + Geometry + ProcessType
AM_DEFECT := Porosity | LackOfFusion | Cracking | KEYHOLE_POROSITY | BALLING | DELAMINATION | WARPING | SURFACE_DEFECT
Porosity -> may_result_from -> GAS + INCOMPLETE_FUSION + PROCESS_INSTABILITY
LackOfFusion -> may_result_from -> INSUFFICIENT_ENERGY + EXCESSIVE_SCAN_SPEED + POOR_LAYER_OVERLAP
Cracking -> may_result_from -> RESIDUAL_STRESS + BRITTLE_MICROSTRUCTURE + THERMAL_GRADIENT

# QUALITY / POST PROCESSING
SurfaceRoughness -> influenced_by -> LayerThickness + BuildOrientation + ParticleSize + PathStrategy + PostProcessing
DimensionalAccuracy -> influenced_by -> MACHINE_ACCURACY + THERMAL_DISTORTION + SHRINKAGE + SLICING + SUPPORT_REMOVAL + POST_PROCESSING
PostProcessing := SUPPORT_REMOVAL | HEAT_TREATMENT | STRESS_RELIEF | HOT_ISOSTATIC_PRESSING | MACHINING | GRINDING | POLISHING | SURFACE_TREATMENT | SINTERING | INFILTRATION
Inspection -> evaluates -> Part
INSPECTION_METHOD := VISUAL | DIMENSIONAL | CT_SCANNING | RADIOGRAPHIC | ULTRASONIC | SURFACE_METROLOGY | DENSITY_MEASUREMENT | MECHANICAL_TEST
QualityRequirement -> constrains -> Part
AM_QUALITY := DIMENSIONAL_ACCURACY + SURFACE_QUALITY + DENSITY + DEFECT_LEVEL + MICROSTRUCTURE + MECHANICAL_PROPERTIES
IF DefectLevel exceeds AcceptanceLimit THEN PartState -> NONCONFORMING

# TRACEABILITY / PERFORMANCE
AM_TRACEABILITY := DIGITAL_MODEL_VERSION + BUILD_FILE_VERSION + MACHINE_ID + FEEDSTOCK_BATCH + PROCESS_PARAMETERS + SENSOR_DATA + POST_PROCESSING + INSPECTION_RESULTS
Part -> linked_to -> AM_TRACEABILITY
AM_PERFORMANCE := BUILD_RATE + MATERIAL_UTILISATION + ENERGY_USE + BUILD_TIME + DEFECT_RATE + DIMENSIONAL_ACCURACY + SURFACE_QUALITY + MECHANICAL_PROPERTY_QUALITY
AdditiveManufacturingProcess -> evaluated_by -> AM_PERFORMANCE

# REASONING
ADDITIVE_MANUFACTURING_REASONING := DEFINE_PART_REQUIREMENTS -> SELECT_AM_PROCESS -> SELECT_FEEDSTOCK -> PREPARE_DIGITAL_MODEL -> SELECT_BUILD_ORIENTATION -> GENERATE_SUPPORTS -> SLICE_MODEL -> GENERATE_BUILD_PATH -> DEFINE_PROCESS_PARAMETERS -> VERIFY_BUILD_VOLUME -> EXECUTE_LAYER_SEQUENCE -> MONITOR_PROCESS -> COMPLETE_BUILD -> REMOVE_PART -> POST_PROCESS -> INSPECT -> VERIFY_REQUIREMENTS -> RECORD_TRACEABILITY -> OPTIMISE

# INFERENCE RULES
IF LayerThickness decreases THEN LayerCount -> INCREASES
IF LayerCount increases THEN BuildTime -> MAY_INCREASE
IF EnergyInput insufficient THEN LackOfFusionRisk -> INCREASES
IF EnergyInput excessive THEN KeyholeOrThermalDamageRisk -> MAY_INCREASE
IF ThermalGradient increases THEN ResidualStressRisk -> MAY_INCREASE
IF BuildOrientation changes THEN SupportRequirement -> REASSESS
IF FeedstockQuality decreases THEN DefectRisk -> MAY_INCREASE
IF InspectionResult outside_requirement THEN PartState -> NONCONFORMING

# SEMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS
RELATION represents(CADModel, PartGeometry)
RELATION slices(Slicing, DigitalModel)
RELATION contains(BuildFile, LayerData)
RELATION consumes(AdditiveManufacturingProcess, Feedstock)
RELATION directs(ScanPath, EnergySource)
RELATION creates(EnergySource, MeltPool)
RELATION builds(Layer, Part)
RELATION supports(SupportStructure, Part)
RELATION influences(ThermalHistory, ResidualStress)
RELATION causes(ResidualStress, Distortion)
RELATION detects(Inspection, AMDefect)
RELATION modifies(PostProcessing, PartState)
RELATION constrains(QualityRequirement, Part)

# SEMANTIC EQUIVALENCE
SEMANTIC_EQUIVALENCE:
  "additive manufacturing" ~= "AM"
  "3D printing" ~= "additive manufacturing"
  "powder bed fusion" ~= "PBF"
  "directed energy deposition" ~= "DED"
  "material extrusion" ~= "extrusion-based additive manufacturing"
  "build orientation" ~= "part build orientation"
  "layer thickness" ~= "AM layer height"
  "support structure" ~= "AM build support"
  "build file" ~= "machine-ready additive build data"

# CONFIDENCE
CONFIDENCE:
  ontology_domain: 0.99
  digital_model_mapping: 0.99
  process_classification_mapping: 0.99
  feedstock_mapping: 0.99
  layer_generation_mapping: 0.99
  parameter_mapping: 0.99
  thermal_mapping: 0.99
  defect_mapping: 0.99
  inspection_quality_mapping: 0.99
  semantic_relationships: 0.99

# UPDATE MODEL
UPDATE_MODEL:
  ON new_am_build:
    MAP part
    MAP digital_model
    MAP process_type
    MAP feedstock
    MAP build_orientation
    MAP supports
    MAP process_parameters
    UPDATE confidence
    RECOMPUTE FLOW_HASH
  ON process_measurement:
    UPDATE melt_pool_state
    UPDATE thermal_state
    UPDATE layer_state
    UPDATE machine_state
    PRESERVE provenance
  ON inspection_result:
    UPDATE defect_state
    UPDATE dimensional_state
    UPDATE surface_state
    UPDATE conformance
    PRESERVE provenance

# AI CONSUMPTION
AI_CONSUMPTION:
  parse_as: FORMAL_ADDITIVE_MANUFACTURING_ONTOLOGY
  reasoning_mode: DIGITAL_LAYERWISE_MANUFACTURING_RELATIONAL
  preserve: [typed_entities, digital_model_identity, feedstock_identity, layer_sequence, process_parameters, thermal_history, defect_state, quality_constraints, confidence, provenance]
  infer: [process_selection_dependencies, orientation_support_dependencies, layer_dependencies, energy_density_dependencies, thermal_defect_dependencies, post_processing_requirements, conformance_state]
  prohibit: [invented_build_measurements, assumed_feedstock_quality, assumed_defect_free_state, unsupported_material_properties, fabricated_inspection_results, assumed_conformance]

# FLOW HASH
FLOW_HASH_INPUT := DOMAIN + ONTOLOGY + CORE_ENTITIES + SYSTEM_PROCESS_TYPES + DIGITAL_CHAIN + FEEDSTOCK_LAYER_GENERATION + PROCESS_MODES + PARAMETERS_THERMAL + SUPPORTS_DEFECTS + QUALITY_POST_PROCESSING + TRACEABILITY_PERFORMANCE + REASONING + INFERENCE_RULES + SEMANTIC_RELATIONSHIPS + SEMANTIC_EQUIVALENCE + CONFIDENCE + UPDATE_MODEL + AI_CONSUMPTION
FLOW_HASH := HASH(FLOW_HASH_INPUT)

END FLOW