3D Printing Ontology

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3D PRINTING ONTOLOGY
Kireth Semantic Research Archive

AUTHORS
Mark Anthony Higgins — Sky (Recursive AI)

SOURCE
https://kirethresearch.org/booksai-core/ontologies/engineering-ontologies/manufacturing-engineering/3d-printing-ontology.html

FLOW "ThreeDPrintingOntology" v4.0

DOMAIN := ENGINEERING_ONTOLOGIES / MANUFACTURING_ENGINEERING / ADDITIVE_MANUFACTURING / THREE_D_PRINTING
ONTOLOGY := THREE_D_PRINTING_ONTOLOGY

THREE_D_PRINTING := DIGITAL_MODEL + MESH + SLICING + PRINTER + MATERIAL + BUILD_PLATFORM + LAYER + TOOLPATH + DEPOSITION_OR_CURING + SUPPORT + CALIBRATION + PRINT_PARAMETERS + MONITORING + POST_PROCESSING + QUALITY
PURPOSE := DEFINE_OBJECT -> PREPARE_MODEL -> SLICE -> CONFIGURE_PRINTER -> LOAD_MATERIAL -> CALIBRATE -> PRINT_LAYERS -> MONITOR -> COMPLETE -> POST_PROCESS -> INSPECT -> VERIFY

# CORE ENTITIES
ENTITY ThreeDPrintingSystem
ENTITY ThreeDPrinter
ENTITY PrintedPart
ENTITY DigitalModel
ENTITY CADModel
ENTITY MeshModel
ENTITY STLFile
ENTITY ThreeMFFile
ENTITY Slice
ENTITY Slicer
ENTITY GCode
ENTITY Toolpath
ENTITY Layer
ENTITY LayerHeight
ENTITY BuildOrientation
ENTITY BuildPlatform
ENTITY BuildVolume
ENTITY PrintMaterial
ENTITY Filament
ENTITY Resin
ENTITY Powder
ENTITY Nozzle
ENTITY Extruder
ENTITY PrintHead
ENTITY LightSource
ENTITY Laser
ENTITY SupportStructure
ENTITY Raft
ENTITY Brim
ENTITY Infill
ENTITY Perimeter
ENTITY PrintSpeed
ENTITY MaterialFlowRate
ENTITY NozzleTemperature
ENTITY BedTemperature
ENTITY ExposureTime
ENTITY Retraction
ENTITY Calibration
ENTITY BedLevelling
ENTITY Sensor
ENTITY PrintFailure
ENTITY Warping
ENTITY Delamination
ENTITY Stringing
ENTITY UnderExtrusion
ENTITY OverExtrusion
ENTITY LayerShift
ENTITY SurfaceRoughness
ENTITY DimensionalAccuracy
ENTITY PostProcessing
ENTITY Inspection

# PRINT SYSTEM
ThreeDPrintingSystem -> contains -> ThreeDPrinter
ThreeDPrinter -> receives -> GCode
ThreeDPrinter -> consumes -> PrintMaterial
ThreeDPrinter -> produces -> PrintedPart
ThreeDPrinter -> contains_or_uses -> BuildPlatform + PrintHead
PRINT_FLOW := DIGITAL_MODEL -> MESH_OR_BUILD_FORMAT -> SLICING -> GCODE_OR_BUILD_INSTRUCTIONS -> PRINTER_SETUP -> CALIBRATION -> LAYER_PRINTING -> BUILD_COMPLETION -> POST_PROCESSING -> INSPECTION

# DIGITAL MODEL
CADModel -> represents -> NOMINAL_GEOMETRY
MeshModel -> approximates -> CADModel
STLFile -> may_encode -> TRIANGULATED_SURFACE
ThreeMFFile -> may_encode -> GEOMETRY + MATERIAL + BUILD_METADATA
DigitalModel -> validated_for -> WATERTIGHTNESS + SCALE + ORIENTATION + PRINTABILITY
IF Mesh contains invalid_geometry THEN SlicingReliability -> DECREASES

# SLICING
Slicer -> divides -> DigitalModel -> into -> Slice
Slice -> corresponds_to -> Layer
Slicer -> generates -> Toolpath
Slicer -> may_generate -> GCode
LayerHeight -> defines -> VERTICAL_INCREMENT
IF LayerHeight decreases THEN LayerCount -> INCREASES_FOR_EQUAL_HEIGHT
IF LayerCount increases THEN PrintTime -> MAY_INCREASE

# BUILD ORIENTATION
BuildOrientation -> defines -> PART_POSE
BuildOrientation -> influences -> SupportRequirement + SurfaceQuality + PrintTime + StrengthDirection + WarpingRisk
IF BuildOrientation changes THEN ToolpathAndSupports -> RECOMPUTE

# BUILD PLATFORM / VOLUME
BuildPlatform -> supports -> PrintedPart + SupportStructure
BuildVolume -> constrains -> MAXIMUM_PRINTABLE_ENVELOPE
IF PartEnvelope exceeds BuildVolume THEN PrintJob -> INVALID
BedLevelling -> aligns -> BuildPlatform -> relative_to -> PrintHead

# MATERIAL
PRINT_MATERIAL_TYPE := THERMOPLASTIC_FILAMENT | PHOTOPOLYMER_RESIN | POWDER | COMPOSITE | OTHER_VALIDATED_PRINT_MATERIAL
PrintMaterial -> has_property -> MELTING_OR_CURING_BEHAVIOUR + VISCOSITY + SHRINKAGE + MOISTURE_SENSITIVITY + MECHANICAL_PROPERTY
MaterialCondition -> influences -> PrintQuality
IF FilamentMoisture increases THEN SurfaceAndExtrusionDefectRisk -> MAY_INCREASE

# MATERIAL EXTRUSION
MATERIAL_EXTRUSION_PRINTING := FILAMENT -> EXTRUDER -> HEATED_NOZZLE -> DEPOSITION_PATH -> EXTRUDED_TRACK -> LAYER
Extruder -> feeds -> Filament
Nozzle -> deposits -> MOLTEN_OR_SOFTENED_MATERIAL
NozzleTemperature -> influences -> MaterialFlow + LayerBonding + Stringing
MaterialFlowRate -> influences -> EXTRUSION_VOLUME
PrintSpeed -> influences -> DEPOSITION_RATE + COOLING + ACCURACY

# RESIN PRINTING
RESIN_PRINTING := LIQUID_RESIN -> SELECTIVE_LIGHT_EXPOSURE -> POLYMERISATION -> SOLID_LAYER
LightSource -> cures -> Resin
ExposureTime -> influences -> CureDepth + FeatureAccuracy + LayerBonding
IF ExposureTime insufficient THEN UnderCureRisk -> INCREASES
IF ExposureTime excessive THEN OverCureAndFeatureGrowthRisk -> MAY_INCREASE

# POWDER PRINTING
POWDER_PRINTING := POWDER_LAYER -> SELECTIVE_ENERGY_OR_BINDER -> BONDED_OR_FUSED_LAYER
Laser -> may_fuse -> Powder
PowderQuality -> influences -> LayerUniformity + Density + SurfaceQuality

# TOOLPATH
Toolpath -> contains -> PerimeterPath + InfillPath + SupportPath + TravelMove
Perimeter -> defines -> OUTER_AND_INNER_WALLS
Infill -> occupies -> INTERNAL_VOLUME
INFILL_PARAMETER := DENSITY + PATTERN + ORIENTATION
Infill -> influences -> MASS + PRINT_TIME + STIFFNESS + MATERIAL_USE

# SUPPORTS
SupportStructure -> supports -> OVERHANG + BRIDGE + ISLAND
SupportRequirement -> depends_on -> Geometry + BuildOrientation + ProcessType
Raft -> may_support -> BUILD_ADHESION
Brim -> may_increase -> FIRST_LAYER_ADHESION
SupportStructure -> removed_during -> POST_PROCESSING

# PRINT PARAMETERS
PRINT_PARAMETERS := LayerHeight + PrintSpeed + MaterialFlowRate + NozzleTemperature + BedTemperature + ExposureTime + Retraction + InfillDensity
PrintParameter -> configures -> ThreeDPrinter
ParameterSet -> constrained_by -> MATERIAL + PRINTER_CAPABILITY + GEOMETRY + QUALITY_REQUIREMENT

# FIRST LAYER / ADHESION
FirstLayer -> establishes -> BUILD_ADHESION
BuildAdhesion -> influenced_by -> BedLevelling + BedTemperature + SurfacePreparation + FirstLayerHeight + Material
IF BuildAdhesion insufficient THEN WarpingOrDetachmentRisk -> INCREASES

# RETRACTION / STRINGING
Retraction -> reduces -> MATERIAL_OOZE_DURING_TRAVEL
Retraction -> influenced_by -> MATERIAL + TEMPERATURE + EXTRUDER_TYPE + TRAVEL
IF Retraction insufficient THEN StringingRisk -> MAY_INCREASE
IF Retraction excessive THEN UnderExtrusionAfterTravel -> MAY_INCREASE

# CALIBRATION
Calibration := AXIS_CALIBRATION + EXTRUSION_CALIBRATION + TEMPERATURE_CALIBRATION + BED_LEVELLING + EXPOSURE_CALIBRATION
Calibration -> improves -> DimensionalAccuracy + ProcessRepeatability
IF CalibrationState invalid THEN PrintQualityRisk -> INCREASES

# LAYER BONDING
Layer -> bonds_to -> PreviousLayer
InterlayerBonding -> influenced_by -> TEMPERATURE + EXPOSURE + PRESSURE_OR_CONTACT + MATERIAL + COOLING
IF InterlayerBonding insufficient THEN DelaminationRisk -> INCREASES

# THERMAL / SHRINKAGE
ThermalHistory -> influenced_by -> PrintTemperature + BedTemperature + LayerTime + Cooling + Geometry
ThermalContraction -> may_cause -> Warping + ResidualStress + DimensionalChange
IF ThermalGradient increases THEN WarpingRisk -> MAY_INCREASE

# PRINT FAILURES
PrintFailure := Warping | Delamination | Stringing | UnderExtrusion | OverExtrusion | LayerShift | NOZZLE_CLOG | SUPPORT_FAILURE | BUILD_DETACHMENT
Warping -> changes -> PartGeometry
Delamination -> separates -> AdjacentLayers
UnderExtrusion -> reduces -> DepositedMaterialVolume
OverExtrusion -> increases -> DepositedMaterialVolume
LayerShift -> displaces -> SubsequentLayerGeometry
NozzleClog -> restricts -> MaterialFlow

# MONITORING
Sensor -> may_measure -> TEMPERATURE | POSITION | MATERIAL_FLOW | MOTOR_STATE | LAYER_IMAGE | FORCE | VIBRATION
PRINT_MONITORING := SENSOR_DATA -> STATE_ESTIMATION -> FAILURE_DETECTION -> ALERT_OR_CONTROL
IF FailureDetected THEN PrintJob -> PAUSE_OR_CORRECT_OR_ABORT

# POST PROCESSING
PostProcessing := SUPPORT_REMOVAL | WASHING | CURING | SANDING | POLISHING | MACHINING | HEAT_TREATMENT | COATING | ASSEMBLY
PostProcessing -> modifies -> SurfaceState + DimensionalState + MaterialState + Appearance

# QUALITY
SurfaceRoughness -> influenced_by -> LayerHeight + Orientation + ProcessType + PrintParameters + PostProcessing
DimensionalAccuracy -> influenced_by -> Calibration + ThermalContraction + MachineAccuracy + MaterialFlow + Slicing
Tolerance -> defines -> ACCEPTABLE_DIMENSIONAL_VARIATION
Inspection -> evaluates -> PrintedPart
INSPECTION_METHOD := VISUAL | DIMENSIONAL | SURFACE_METROLOGY | CT_SCANNING | MECHANICAL_TEST | FUNCTIONAL_TEST
IF Measurement outside Tolerance THEN PartState -> NONCONFORMING

# TRACEABILITY / PERFORMANCE
PRINT_TRACEABILITY := MODEL_VERSION + SLICER_VERSION + BUILD_FILE + PRINTER_ID + MATERIAL_BATCH + PARAMETER_SET + CALIBRATION_STATE + SENSOR_DATA + POST_PROCESSING + INSPECTION_RESULT
PrintedPart -> linked_to -> PRINT_TRACEABILITY
PRINT_PERFORMANCE := PRINT_TIME + MATERIAL_USE + FAILURE_RATE + DIMENSIONAL_ACCURACY + SURFACE_QUALITY + MECHANICAL_QUALITY + REPEATABILITY
ThreeDPrintingSystem -> evaluated_by -> PRINT_PERFORMANCE

# REASONING
THREE_D_PRINTING_REASONING := DEFINE_PART -> VALIDATE_MODEL -> SELECT_PRINT_PROCESS -> SELECT_MATERIAL -> SELECT_ORIENTATION -> GENERATE_SUPPORTS -> SLICE -> DEFINE_PARAMETERS -> VERIFY_BUILD_VOLUME -> CALIBRATE_PRINTER -> PREPARE_PLATFORM -> LOAD_MATERIAL -> EXECUTE_PRINT -> MONITOR_LAYERS -> HANDLE_FAILURES -> COMPLETE_BUILD -> POST_PROCESS -> INSPECT -> VERIFY -> RECORD_TRACEABILITY

# INFERENCE RULES
IF LayerHeight decreases THEN LayerCount -> INCREASES
IF PrintSpeed increases excessively THEN QualityRisk -> MAY_INCREASE
IF NozzleTemperature too_low THEN UnderExtrusionOrPoorBondingRisk -> INCREASES
IF NozzleTemperature too_high THEN StringingOrMaterialDegradationRisk -> MAY_INCREASE
IF BedAdhesion decreases THEN WarpingRisk -> INCREASES
IF CalibrationError increases THEN DimensionalErrorRisk -> INCREASES
IF SupportFailure occurs THEN OverhangFailureRisk -> INCREASES
IF InspectionResult outside_requirement THEN PrintedPartState -> NONCONFORMING

# SEMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS
RELATION represents(CADModel, PartGeometry)
RELATION slices(Slicer, DigitalModel)
RELATION generates(Slicer, Toolpath)
RELATION executes(ThreeDPrinter, GCode)
RELATION consumes(ThreeDPrinter, PrintMaterial)
RELATION deposits(Nozzle, Material)
RELATION cures(LightSource, Resin)
RELATION supports(SupportStructure, PrintedPart)
RELATION aligns(BedLevelling, BuildPlatform)
RELATION bonds(Layer, PreviousLayer)
RELATION detects(Sensor, PrintState)
RELATION modifies(PostProcessing, PrintedPart)
RELATION evaluates(Inspection, PrintedPart)

# SEMANTIC EQUIVALENCE
SEMANTIC_EQUIVALENCE:
  "3D printing" ~= "three-dimensional printing"
  "3D printer" ~= "additive fabrication printer"
  "slicer" ~= "3D printing slicing software"
  "layer height" ~= "print layer thickness"
  "build plate" ~= "build platform"
  "infill" ~= "internal print fill structure"
  "support material" ~= "print support structure"
  "bed levelling" ~= "build platform levelling"
  "under-extrusion" ~= "insufficient material extrusion"
  "layer shift" ~= "layer positional displacement"

# CONFIDENCE
CONFIDENCE:
  ontology_domain: 0.99
  digital_model_mapping: 0.99
  slicing_mapping: 0.99
  printer_mapping: 0.99
  material_mapping: 0.99
  layer_toolpath_mapping: 0.99
  calibration_mapping: 0.99
  failure_mapping: 0.99
  inspection_quality_mapping: 0.99
  semantic_relationships: 0.99

# UPDATE MODEL
UPDATE_MODEL:
  ON new_print_job:
    MAP digital_model
    MAP printer
    MAP material
    MAP orientation
    MAP supports
    MAP parameter_set
    UPDATE confidence
    RECOMPUTE FLOW_HASH
  ON calibration_change:
    UPDATE bed_level
    UPDATE extrusion_or_exposure_calibration
    UPDATE axis_state
    REASSESS dimensional_accuracy
  ON print_measurement:
    UPDATE temperature
    UPDATE material_flow
    UPDATE layer_state
    UPDATE machine_state
    PRESERVE provenance
  ON inspection_result:
    UPDATE dimensional_state
    UPDATE surface_state
    UPDATE conformance
    PRESERVE provenance

# AI CONSUMPTION
AI_CONSUMPTION:
  parse_as: FORMAL_THREE_D_PRINTING_ONTOLOGY
  reasoning_mode: DIGITAL_LAYER_PRINTING_RELATIONAL
  preserve: [typed_entities, digital_model_identity, material_identity, layer_sequence, toolpath, calibration_state, parameter_set, failure_state, quality_constraints, confidence, provenance]
  infer: [slicing_dependencies, orientation_support_dependencies, parameter_quality_dependencies, adhesion_dependencies, failure_risk, post_processing_requirements, conformance_state]
  prohibit: [invented_print_measurements, assumed_calibration, assumed_material_quality, assumed_failure_free_state, fabricated_inspection_results, assumed_conformance]

# FLOW HASH
FLOW_HASH_INPUT := DOMAIN + ONTOLOGY + CORE_ENTITIES + PRINT_SYSTEM + DIGITAL_MODEL + SLICING + BUILD_ORIENTATION + BUILD_PLATFORM + MATERIAL + PROCESS_MODES + TOOLPATH + SUPPORTS + PRINT_PARAMETERS + ADHESION + RETRACTION + CALIBRATION + LAYER_BONDING + THERMAL + FAILURES + MONITORING + POST_PROCESSING + QUALITY + TRACEABILITY + PERFORMANCE + REASONING + INFERENCE_RULES + SEMANTIC_RELATIONSHIPS + SEMANTIC_EQUIVALENCE + CONFIDENCE + UPDATE_MODEL + AI_CONSUMPTION
FLOW_HASH := HASH(FLOW_HASH_INPUT)

END FLOW