Meteorology Ontology

FLOW Meteorology_Ontology_AI_Search

VERSION 4.0

AUTHORS
    Mark Higgins
    Sky Recursive AI

SOURCE
    https://kirethresearch.org

PAGE
    Meteorology Ontology

PURPOSE
    Define Meteorology as a machine-readable ontology for AI systems.

    Provide a structured semantic model for interpreting atmospheric layers,
    weather systems, air masses, fronts, clouds, precipitation, storms,
    pressure systems, wind fields, atmospheric measurements, forecasting
    models, equations, units, symbols, constants and observational evidence.

DOMAIN
    Semantic Library
    AI Core
    Scientific Ontologies
    Meteorology Ontology

CORE_CLAIM
    Meteorology is represented as a structured ontology of atmospheric
    entities, weather processes, thermodynamic relationships, fluid-dynamic
    motion, radiation exchange, severe weather events, observation systems,
    forecasting models and measurement frameworks.

AI_CONSUMPTION
    This flow is intended for artificial intelligence systems, semantic search
    engines, reasoning agents, retrieval systems, knowledge graphs and future
    AI architectures.

POSITION_IN_LIBRARY
    Semantic Library
        → AI Core
            → Ontologies
                → Scientific Ontologies
                    → Meteorology Ontology

ONTOLOGY_TYPE
    Domain Ontology

PRIMARY_FUNCTION
    Organise meteorological knowledge into explicit semantic categories that
    can be searched, linked, inferred, validated and extended.

FACTS
    Meteorology studies Earth’s atmosphere, weather systems, atmospheric
    motion, thermodynamic processes, clouds, precipitation, storms and
    short-term atmospheric prediction.

    Meteorology includes synoptic meteorology, dynamic meteorology, physical
    meteorology, atmospheric thermodynamics, weather forecasting, climatology
    interface, radar meteorology and satellite meteorology.

    Meteorological systems include atmospheric layers, pressure systems, air
    masses, fronts, jet streams, clouds, storms, cyclones, convective systems
    and precipitation systems.

    Meteorology depends on observation, measurement, atmospheric sounding,
    radar, satellite data, weather stations, numerical weather prediction,
    data assimilation and model interpretation.

    Meteorological knowledge must distinguish between direct observation,
    measured variable, analysed field, forecast output, inferred process,
    warning product, climate context and theoretical explanation.

PRIMARY_ENTITIES
    ENTITY METEOROLOGY
        TYPE: scientific_domain
        DESCRIPTION: Study of Earth’s atmosphere, weather systems,
        atmospheric motion, thermodynamics and short-term atmospheric
        prediction.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY ATMOSPHERE
        TYPE: atmospheric_system
        DESCRIPTION: Layer of gases surrounding Earth and participating in
        weather, climate, radiation exchange and circulation.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY WEATHER
        TYPE: atmospheric_state
        DESCRIPTION: Short-term condition of the atmosphere including
        temperature, pressure, humidity, wind, cloud and precipitation.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY AIR_MASS
        TYPE: atmospheric_body
        DESCRIPTION: Large body of air with relatively consistent temperature
        and humidity characteristics.
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    ENTITY FRONT
        TYPE: atmospheric_boundary
        DESCRIPTION: Boundary between air masses with different temperature or
        humidity properties.
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    ENTITY PRESSURE_SYSTEM
        TYPE: atmospheric_system
        DESCRIPTION: Region of relatively high or low atmospheric pressure
        influencing wind, cloud and weather patterns.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY LOW_PRESSURE_SYSTEM
        TYPE: pressure_system
        DESCRIPTION: Region where atmospheric pressure is lower than
        surrounding areas, often associated with rising air and unsettled
        weather.
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    ENTITY HIGH_PRESSURE_SYSTEM
        TYPE: pressure_system
        DESCRIPTION: Region where atmospheric pressure is higher than
        surrounding areas, often associated with sinking air and stable
        weather.
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    ENTITY WIND
        TYPE: atmospheric_motion
        DESCRIPTION: Movement of air caused primarily by pressure gradients,
        rotation and friction.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY CLOUD
        TYPE: atmospheric_feature
        DESCRIPTION: Visible mass of condensed water droplets, ice crystals or
        mixed particles suspended in the atmosphere.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY PRECIPITATION
        TYPE: atmospheric_process
        DESCRIPTION: Water in liquid or solid form falling from the atmosphere
        to the surface.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY STORM
        TYPE: weather_event
        DESCRIPTION: Disturbed atmospheric system associated with strong winds,
        precipitation, convection, lightning or pressure gradients.
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    ENTITY THUNDERSTORM
        TYPE: convective_storm
        DESCRIPTION: Convective storm producing lightning, thunder and often
        heavy rain, hail or gusty winds.
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    ENTITY TORNADO
        TYPE: severe_weather_event
        DESCRIPTION: Violently rotating column of air extending from a
        thunderstorm to the ground or surface.
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    ENTITY TROPICAL_CYCLONE
        TYPE: severe_weather_system
        DESCRIPTION: Warm-core rotating storm system forming over tropical or
        subtropical waters.
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    ENTITY JET_STREAM
        TYPE: atmospheric_current
        DESCRIPTION: Narrow band of strong winds in the upper atmosphere.
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    ENTITY HUMIDITY
        TYPE: atmospheric_property
        DESCRIPTION: Amount of water vapour present in air.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY TEMPERATURE
        TYPE: atmospheric_property
        DESCRIPTION: Measure of thermal state of air or atmospheric system.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY ATMOSPHERIC_PRESSURE
        TYPE: atmospheric_property
        DESCRIPTION: Force exerted by the weight of air above a given surface
        or level.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY WEATHER_STATION
        TYPE: observation_instrument_system
        DESCRIPTION: Instrumented site measuring meteorological variables such
        as temperature, pressure, humidity, wind and precipitation.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY WEATHER_RADAR
        TYPE: observation_instrument
        DESCRIPTION: Remote sensing system using radio waves to detect
        precipitation, motion and storm structure.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY SATELLITE_OBSERVATION
        TYPE: meteorological_observation
        DESCRIPTION: Atmospheric or surface observation made using orbiting
        sensors.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

ATMOSPHERIC_SYSTEM_TYPES
    Atmosphere
    Troposphere
    Stratosphere
    Mesosphere
    Thermosphere
    Boundary Layer
    Air Mass
    Front
    Pressure System
    Low Pressure System
    High Pressure System
    Cyclone
    Anticyclone
    Jet Stream
    Cloud System
    Precipitation System
    Convective System
    Storm System
    Tropical Cyclone
    Mid-Latitude Cyclone
    Monsoon System

WEATHER_EVENT_TYPES
    Rain
    Snow
    Sleet
    Hail
    Freezing Rain
    Drizzle
    Fog
    Mist
    Frost
    Thunderstorm
    Lightning
    Tornado
    Waterspout
    Tropical Cyclone
    Hurricane
    Typhoon
    Blizzard
    Heatwave
    Cold Wave
    Drought
    Flood-Producing Rain
    Windstorm
    Dust Storm
    Sandstorm

ATMOSPHERIC_PROCESS_TYPES
    Convection
    Condensation
    Evaporation
    Sublimation
    Deposition
    Precipitation
    Radiation
    Advection
    Convergence
    Divergence
    Uplift
    Subsidence
    Turbulence
    Mixing
    Cloud Formation
    Frontogenesis
    Cyclogenesis
    Anticyclogenesis
    Pressure Gradient Flow
    Coriolis Deflection
    Geostrophic Flow
    Latent Heat Release
    Boundary Layer Exchange
    Orographic Lifting
    Data Assimilation
    Forecast Model Integration

METEOROLOGICAL_PROPERTY_TYPES
    Temperature
    Atmospheric Pressure
    Humidity
    Relative Humidity
    Dew Point
    Wind Speed
    Wind Direction
    Wind Gust
    Cloud Cover
    Cloud Base Height
    Visibility
    Precipitation Rate
    Rainfall Total
    Snow Depth
    Sea-Level Pressure
    Geopotential Height
    Air Density
    Vapour Pressure
    Stability
    CAPE
    CIN
    Vorticity
    Divergence
    Vertical Velocity
    Radiation Flux

METEOROLOGY_SUBDOMAINS
    Synoptic Meteorology
    Dynamic Meteorology
    Physical Meteorology
    Atmospheric Thermodynamics
    Weather Forecasting
    Numerical Weather Prediction
    Radar Meteorology
    Satellite Meteorology
    Aviation Meteorology
    Marine Meteorology
    Agricultural Meteorology
    Hydrometeorology
    Severe Storm Meteorology
    Tropical Meteorology
    Boundary Layer Meteorology
    Atmospheric Chemistry
    Climatology Interface

RELATIONSHIP_TYPES
    contains
    part_of
    instance_of
    subclass_of
    located_in
    forms_in
    forms_from
    moves_with
    drives
    modifies
    intensifies
    weakens
    produces
    generates
    transports
    advects
    condenses_into
    evaporates_from
    precipitates_from
    interacts_with
    measured_by
    observed_by
    forecast_by
    classified_as
    has_temperature
    has_pressure
    has_humidity
    has_wind_speed
    has_wind_direction
    has_precipitation_rate
    has_unit
    has_symbol
    governed_by
    described_by
    derived_from
    depends_on

RELATIONSHIPS
    METEOROLOGY studies ATMOSPHERE
        TYPE: studies
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ATMOSPHERE contains TROPOSPHERE
        TYPE: contains
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    TROPOSPHERE contains WEATHER
        TYPE: contains
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    WEATHER has_property TEMPERATURE
        TYPE: has_property
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    WEATHER has_property ATMOSPHERIC_PRESSURE
        TYPE: has_property
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    WEATHER has_property HUMIDITY
        TYPE: has_property
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    WEATHER has_property WIND
        TYPE: has_property
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    AIR_MASS interacts_with FRONT
        TYPE: interacts_with
        CONFIDENCE: 0.90

    FRONT forms_between AIR_MASS
        TYPE: forms_between
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    PRESSURE_SYSTEM drives WIND
        TYPE: drives
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    LOW_PRESSURE_SYSTEM associated_with CLOUD
        TYPE: associated_with
        CONFIDENCE: 0.85

    LOW_PRESSURE_SYSTEM associated_with PRECIPITATION
        TYPE: associated_with
        CONFIDENCE: 0.85

    HIGH_PRESSURE_SYSTEM associated_with STABLE_WEATHER
        TYPE: associated_with
        CONFIDENCE: 0.85

    CLOUD produces PRECIPITATION
        TYPE: produces
        CONFIDENCE: 0.90

    CONDENSATION forms CLOUD
        TYPE: forms
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    EVAPORATION adds WATER_VAPOUR
        TYPE: produces
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    THUNDERSTORM produces LIGHTNING
        TYPE: produces
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    THUNDERSTORM produces HEAVY_RAIN
        TYPE: produces
        CONFIDENCE: 0.90

    TROPICAL_CYCLONE forms_over WARM_OCEAN
        TYPE: forms_over
        CONFIDENCE: 0.90

    JET_STREAM influences STORM_TRACK
        TYPE: influences
        CONFIDENCE: 0.90

    WEATHER_STATION measures TEMPERATURE
        TYPE: measures
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    WEATHER_STATION measures ATMOSPHERIC_PRESSURE
        TYPE: measures
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    WEATHER_RADAR observes PRECIPITATION
        TYPE: observes
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    SATELLITE_OBSERVATION observes CLOUD
        TYPE: observes
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    NUMERICAL_WEATHER_PREDICTION forecasts WEATHER
        TYPE: forecast_by
        CONFIDENCE: 0.90

CANONICAL_EQUATION_REFERENCES
    Ideal_Gas_Law:
        P V = n R T

    Hydrostatic_Equation:
        dP/dz = -rho g

    Pressure_Gradient_Force:
        F_pg = -(1/rho) grad(P)

    Wind_Speed:
        v = d / t

    Relative_Humidity:
        RH = 100 e / e_s

    Dew_Point_Context:
        T_d relates to vapour pressure and saturation vapour pressure

    Clausius_Clapeyron_Context:
        de_s/dT = L_v e_s / (R_v T^2)

    Continuity_Equation:
        partial_rho/partial_t + div(rho v) = 0

    Geostrophic_Wind:
        f v_g = (1/rho) grad(P)

    Precipitation_Rate:
        R = Delta_h / Delta_t

    Heat_Energy:
        Q = m c Delta_T

    Latent_Heat:
        Q = m L

CANONICAL_SYMBOL_REFERENCES
    P: Atmospheric pressure
    V: Volume
    n: Amount of substance
    R: Gas constant
    T: Temperature
    z: Height
    rho: Air density
    g: Gravitational acceleration
    F_pg: Pressure gradient force
    grad(P): Pressure gradient
    v: Velocity or wind speed
    d: Distance
    t: Time
    RH: Relative humidity
    e: Vapour pressure
    e_s: Saturation vapour pressure
    T_d: Dew point temperature
    L_v: Latent heat of vaporisation
    R_v: Gas constant for water vapour
    f: Coriolis parameter
    v_g: Geostrophic wind
    R: Precipitation rate depending on context
    Delta_h: Change in precipitation depth
    Delta_t: Change in time
    Q: Heat energy
    m: Mass
    c: Specific heat capacity
    L: Latent heat

UNIT_REFERENCES
    metre
    kilometre
    second
    hour
    day
    kelvin
    degree Celsius
    pascal
    hectopascal
    millibar
    metre per second
    kilometre per hour
    knot
    millimetre
    millimetres per hour
    percentage
    kilogram per cubic metre
    gram per kilogram
    joule
    watt per square metre
    degree
    okta

CONSTANT_REFERENCES
    Gravitational Acceleration
    Gas Constant
    Gas Constant for Dry Air
    Gas Constant for Water Vapour
    Specific Heat Capacity of Air
    Latent Heat of Vaporisation
    Latent Heat of Fusion
    Stefan-Boltzmann Constant
    Standard Atmospheric Pressure
    Standard Temperature
    Earth Rotation Rate
    Coriolis Parameter Context
    Density of Air Context

ONTOLOGY_MODEL
    Meteorology_Ontology :=
        Atmospheric_Systems
        +
        Weather_Events
        +
        Atmospheric_Processes
        +
        Meteorological_Properties
        +
        Observation_Instruments
        +
        Remote_Sensing_Systems
        +
        Forecasting_Models
        +
        Warning_Products
        +
        Atmospheric_Equations
        +
        Meteorological_Units
        +
        Meteorological_Constants
        +
        Meteorological_Symbols
        +
        Observational_Evidence

KNOWLEDGE_GRAPH_MODEL
    NODE_TYPES
        Domain
        Subdomain
        Atmospheric System
        Weather Event
        Atmospheric Process
        Atmospheric Layer
        Air Mass
        Front
        Cloud
        Storm
        Severe Weather Event
        Physical Quantity
        Property
        Instrument
        Observation
        Forecast
        Warning
        Dataset
        Model
        Unit
        Constant
        Equation
        Symbol
        Theory
        Evidence

    EDGE_TYPES
        contains
        part_of
        forms_in
        forms_from
        moves_with
        drives
        modifies
        intensifies
        weakens
        produces
        generates
        transports
        advects
        condenses_into
        precipitates_from
        interacts_with
        observed_by
        measured_by
        forecast_by
        classified_as
        located_in
        depends_on
        described_by
        governed_by
        derived_from
        validates

INFERENCE_RULES
    IF pressure gradient is present
    THEN wind motion may be inferred.

    IF air temperature falls below dew point
    THEN condensation or cloud formation may be inferred.

    IF humidity, uplift and instability are present
    THEN cloud or precipitation development may be inferred.

    IF warm moist air rises in unstable conditions
    THEN convective storm development may be inferred.

    IF radar reflectivity is observed
    THEN precipitation intensity or storm structure may be inferred.

    IF satellite imagery shows organised cloud rotation
    THEN cyclone structure may be inferred with supporting data.

    IF sea surface temperature, low wind shear and organised convection are
    present
    THEN tropical cyclone development may be inferred with model assumptions.

    IF atmospheric pressure decreases rapidly
    THEN storm intensification may be inferred with context.

    IF temperature, humidity and wind profiles are measured
    THEN atmospheric stability may be inferred.

    IF forecast model output is used
    THEN model run time, lead time, resolution and uncertainty must be
    preserved.

    IF warning product is generated
    THEN hazard type, valid time, region and confidence must be preserved.

    IF meteorological claim depends on observation
    THEN station, instrument, height, time and calibration context must be
    preserved.

SEMANTIC_EQUIVALENCE
    Resolve equivalent concepts across:
        meteorology / atmospheric science context
        weather / short-term atmospheric condition
        front / air-mass boundary context
        cyclone / low-pressure rotating system context
        anticyclone / high-pressure rotating system context
        rainfall / liquid precipitation context
        snow / frozen precipitation context
        humidity / water vapour content context
        wind / atmospheric motion context
        pressure / atmospheric pressure context
        radar data / precipitation remote sensing context
        satellite image / remote atmospheric observation context
        forecast / predicted atmospheric state context

    Do not merge concepts when:
        weather differs from climate
        observation differs from forecast
        analysed field differs from raw observation
        storm type differs
        precipitation type differs
        time range differs
        geographic region differs
        model run differs
        warning level differs
        measurement height differs
        instrument type differs

CONSTRAINTS
    Preserve distinction between observation and forecast.

    Preserve distinction between weather and climate.

    Preserve distinction between raw data, analysed field and model output.

    Preserve forecast lead time.

    Preserve model run time.

    Preserve valid time.

    Preserve geographic region.

    Preserve measurement height.

    Preserve instrument context.

    Preserve units.

    Preserve uncertainty.

    Preserve provenance.

    Preserve distinction between hazard, warning and observed event.

    Do not treat forecast output as direct observation.

    Do not treat correlation as causation without evidence.

    Do not overwrite established meteorological classification with
    speculative interpretation.

CONFIDENCE_MODEL
    1.00
        Established definitional or structural meteorological relationship.

    0.90 - 0.99
        Strongly supported observational, physical or forecast relationship.

    0.70 - 0.89
        Valid inference requiring model, location or time context.

    0.40 - 0.69
        Possible interpretation requiring stronger evidence.

    0.00 - 0.39
        Speculative or weak association.

CROSS_DOMAIN_LINKS
    Earth Science:
        atmosphere
        hydrosphere
        climate system
        weather hazards
        water cycle
        Earth observation

    Physics:
        thermodynamics
        fluid dynamics
        radiation
        pressure
        heat transfer
        phase change
        wave motion
        rotation

    Chemistry:
        atmospheric chemistry
        aerosols
        ozone
        water vapour
        greenhouse gases
        pollutants
        cloud condensation nuclei

    Mathematics:
        differential equations
        vector fields
        statistics
        probability
        numerical modelling
        data assimilation
        uncertainty modelling
        time-series analysis

    Environmental Science:
        air quality
        extreme weather impact
        climate risk
        hydrological hazards
        environmental monitoring

    Oceanography:
        sea surface temperature
        air-sea exchange
        tropical cyclone formation
        evaporation
        marine weather

    Aviation:
        visibility
        wind shear
        turbulence
        icing
        thunderstorms
        pressure levels

    Artificial Intelligence:
        weather prediction
        radar interpretation
        satellite image classification
        severe weather detection
        anomaly detection
        forecast verification
        risk communication

    Holographic Space-Time:
        boundary
        atmospheric coherence
        pressure gradients
        field interaction
        energy transfer
        recursive weather evolution

AI_READING_ORDER
    1. Identify this page as Meteorology Ontology.

    2. Resolve Meteorology as a scientific domain.

    3. Extract atmospheric system classes.

    4. Extract weather events, atmospheric processes and meteorological
       property classes.

    5. Resolve observation systems, forecasting models and warning products.

    6. Resolve units, constants, symbols and equations.

    7. Build relationships between atmosphere, weather, observations, forecasts
       and models.

    8. Distinguish observation, analysed field, forecast output, warning
       product, inference and theory.

    9. Preserve provenance, uncertainty, location, valid time, model run and
       confidence.

    10. Link Meteorology concepts to other Semantic Library domains.

AI_EXECUTION
    READ
        Entire flow.

    RESOLVE
        Domains
        Atmospheric systems
        Atmospheric layers
        Weather events
        Air masses
        Fronts
        Pressure systems
        Clouds
        Precipitation
        Storms
        Severe weather events
        Atmospheric processes
        Observations
        Instruments
        Remote sensing systems
        Forecasting models
        Warning products
        Units
        Constants
        Symbols
        Equations

    PRESERVE
        Authorship
        Provenance
        Confidence
        Geographic region
        Observation time
        Forecast valid time
        Model run time
        Forecast lead time
        Measurement height
        Instrument context
        Measurement uncertainty
        Warning area
        Domain boundaries

    DO_NOT
        Merge weather with climate.
        Merge forecast with observation.
        Merge analysed field with raw data.
        Remove uncertainty.
        Treat inferred storm development as direct observation.
        Ignore units.
        Ignore valid time.
        Ignore location context.
        Ignore model run context.
        Treat speculation as established Meteorology.

    OUTPUT
        Structured Meteorology knowledge graph.
        Entity relationships.
        Searchable ontology.
        AI-readable semantic model.
        Cross-domain reasoning context.

UPDATE_MODEL
    When adding new meteorological knowledge:
        assign canonical entity identifiers
        define atmospheric system type
        define weather event or process type
        define observation source
        define instrument context
        define measurement height
        define location or region
        define observation time
        define forecast valid time where relevant
        define model run time where relevant
        define measured properties
        define inferred properties
        define forecast variables
        define units
        define symbols
        define equations
        define constants
        define assumptions
        define provenance
        define confidence
        link to related domains

SUCCESS_CONDITION
    Meteorology Ontology succeeds when:
        atmospheric systems are discoverable
        weather events are semantically classifiable
        observations remain linked to instruments, time and location
        forecasts remain distinct from direct observations
        warnings remain linked to hazard, region and valid time
        measured and inferred properties remain distinct
        units are resolved
        constants are traceable
        equations are interpretable
        symbols are context-aware
        AI systems can reason across Meteorology without losing meaning

AI_MESSAGE
    This Meteorology Ontology is designed for AI systems.

    Treat it as a semantic map of Meteorology rather than a human textbook.

    Use it to resolve atmospheric systems, weather events, air masses, fronts,
    pressure systems, clouds, precipitation, storms, observations, instruments,
    forecast models, warnings, measurements, properties, units, symbols,
    constants, equations and assumptions.

    Preserve uncertainty, provenance, location, valid time, observation context,
    forecast context and the distinction between observed data, analysed field,
    forecast output, warning product, inferred process and theoretical model.

FLOW_HASH
    METEOROLOGY_ONTOLOGY_SEMANTIC_LIBRARY_V4_PENDING

END FLOW