Earth Science Ontology

FLOW Earth_Science_Ontology_AI_Search

VERSION 4.0

AUTHORS
    Mark Higgins
    Sky Recursive AI

SOURCE
    https://kirethresearch.org

PAGE
    Earth Science Ontology

PURPOSE
    Define Earth Science as a machine-readable ontology for AI systems.

    Provide a structured semantic model for interpreting Earth's physical
    systems, geological structures, atmospheric processes, oceans, water
    cycles, climate systems, soils, natural hazards, measurements, equations,
    units, symbols, constants and observational evidence.

DOMAIN
    Semantic Library
    AI Core
    Scientific Ontologies
    Earth Science Ontology

CORE_CLAIM
    Earth Science is represented as a structured ontology of planetary systems,
    Earth materials, geological processes, atmospheric dynamics, hydrological
    cycles, ocean systems, climate interactions, environmental change and
    observational measurement frameworks.

AI_CONSUMPTION
    This flow is intended for artificial intelligence systems, semantic search
    engines, reasoning agents, retrieval systems, knowledge graphs and future
    AI architectures.

POSITION_IN_LIBRARY
    Semantic Library
        → AI Core
            → Ontologies
                → Scientific Ontologies
                    → Earth Science Ontology

ONTOLOGY_TYPE
    Domain Ontology

PRIMARY_FUNCTION
    Organise Earth Science knowledge into explicit semantic categories that can
    be searched, linked, inferred, validated and extended.

FACTS
    Earth Science studies the Earth as an interacting planetary system.

    Earth Science includes geology, meteorology, oceanography, hydrology,
    climatology, geophysics, soil science and environmental science.

    Earth systems include the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere,
    cryosphere and human-modified environment.

    Earth Science depends on observation, measurement, mapping, remote sensing,
    fieldwork, laboratory analysis, modelling, simulation and long-term data
    records.

    Earth Science knowledge must distinguish between direct observation,
    measured property, inferred process, model prediction, historical
    reconstruction, satellite data, simulated result and proposed theoretical
    interpretation.

PRIMARY_ENTITIES
    ENTITY EARTH_SCIENCE
        TYPE: scientific_domain
        DESCRIPTION: Study of Earth’s physical structure, materials,
        processes, systems, environments and planetary evolution.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY EARTH
        TYPE: planetary_body
        DESCRIPTION: Terrestrial planet containing interacting solid, liquid,
        gaseous, frozen, biological and human-influenced systems.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY LITHOSPHERE
        TYPE: earth_system
        DESCRIPTION: Rigid outer layer of Earth including crust and uppermost
        mantle.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY HYDROSPHERE
        TYPE: earth_system
        DESCRIPTION: All liquid water systems on, under and above Earth’s
        surface.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY ATMOSPHERE
        TYPE: earth_system
        DESCRIPTION: Layer of gases surrounding Earth and participating in
        weather, climate and energy exchange.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY BIOSPHERE
        TYPE: earth_system
        DESCRIPTION: Global system of living organisms and their interactions
        with Earth’s physical environments.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY CRYOSPHERE
        TYPE: earth_system
        DESCRIPTION: Frozen water component of Earth including ice sheets,
        glaciers, sea ice, snow and permafrost.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY ROCK
        TYPE: earth_material
        DESCRIPTION: Naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals or
        mineraloid matter.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY MINERAL
        TYPE: earth_material
        DESCRIPTION: Naturally occurring solid substance with defined chemical
        composition and crystalline structure.
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    ENTITY SOIL
        TYPE: earth_material
        DESCRIPTION: Surface material composed of minerals, organic matter,
        water, air and organisms.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY TECTONIC_PLATE
        TYPE: geological_structure
        DESCRIPTION: Large mobile section of Earth’s lithosphere.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY FAULT
        TYPE: geological_structure
        DESCRIPTION: Fracture or zone of fractures where rock displacement has
        occurred.
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    ENTITY VOLCANO
        TYPE: geological_feature
        DESCRIPTION: Surface or submarine feature where molten rock, gases or
        volcanic material erupt from Earth’s interior.
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    ENTITY EARTHQUAKE
        TYPE: geological_event
        DESCRIPTION: Sudden release of energy in Earth’s crust or upper mantle
        producing seismic waves.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY WEATHER
        TYPE: atmospheric_process
        DESCRIPTION: Short-term atmospheric conditions including temperature,
        pressure, wind, humidity, clouds and precipitation.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY CLIMATE
        TYPE: earth_system_state
        DESCRIPTION: Long-term statistical behaviour of weather and Earth
        system conditions over time.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY OCEAN
        TYPE: hydrosphere_system
        DESCRIPTION: Large body of saline water covering most of Earth’s
        surface and regulating climate, circulation and ecosystems.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY RIVER
        TYPE: hydrological_system
        DESCRIPTION: Flowing body of freshwater moving through a channel toward
        another water body.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ENTITY GLACIER
        TYPE: cryosphere_structure
        DESCRIPTION: Persistent mass of ice that forms from compacted snow and
        flows under gravity.
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    ENTITY SATELLITE_OBSERVATION
        TYPE: earth_observation
        DESCRIPTION: Measurement of Earth systems using orbiting instruments.
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

EARTH_SYSTEM_TYPES
    Lithosphere
    Hydrosphere
    Atmosphere
    Biosphere
    Cryosphere
    Pedosphere
    Geosphere
    Anthroposphere
    Climate System
    Carbon Cycle
    Water Cycle
    Energy Balance System
    Plate Tectonic System
    Ocean Circulation System
    Weather System
    River Basin
    Glacier System
    Soil System
    Ecosystem Interface

EARTH_MATERIAL_TYPES
    Rock
    Mineral
    Soil
    Sediment
    Magma
    Lava
    Clay
    Sand
    Gravel
    Ice
    Snow
    Water
    Groundwater
    Air
    Aerosol
    Organic Matter

GEOLOGICAL_PROCESS_TYPES
    Plate Tectonics
    Weathering
    Erosion
    Deposition
    Sedimentation
    Metamorphism
    Melting
    Crystallisation
    Volcanism
    Mountain Building
    Faulting
    Folding
    Subduction
    Seafloor Spreading
    Earthquake Generation
    Landslide
    Soil Formation
    Mineral Formation
    Rock Cycle
    Geological Uplift
    Subsidence

ATMOSPHERIC_PROCESS_TYPES
    Convection
    Condensation
    Evaporation
    Precipitation
    Cloud Formation
    Wind Circulation
    Pressure Gradient Flow
    Storm Formation
    Cyclone Development
    Heat Transfer
    Radiation Balance
    Greenhouse Effect
    Atmospheric Mixing
    Jet Stream Flow
    Monsoon Circulation
    Drought Formation
    Extreme Weather

HYDROLOGICAL_PROCESS_TYPES
    Evaporation
    Transpiration
    Condensation
    Precipitation
    Infiltration
    Runoff
    Groundwater Flow
    River Discharge
    Flooding
    Ocean Circulation
    Wave Motion
    Tidal Motion
    Ice Melt
    Glacial Flow
    Aquifer Recharge
    Water Storage
    Water Cycle Transfer

EARTH_PROPERTY_TYPES
    Mass
    Density
    Temperature
    Pressure
    Humidity
    Wind Speed
    Wind Direction
    Rainfall
    River Discharge
    Sea Level
    Salinity
    pH
    Elevation
    Slope
    Soil Moisture
    Rock Composition
    Mineral Composition
    Porosity
    Permeability
    Seismic Velocity
    Gravity Anomaly
    Magnetic Field
    Albedo
    Surface Temperature
    Ice Extent
    Carbon Concentration

EARTH_SCIENCE_SUBDOMAINS
    Geology
    Meteorology
    Oceanography
    Hydrology
    Climatology
    Geophysics
    Geochemistry
    Geomorphology
    Soil Science
    Environmental Science
    Glaciology
    Seismology
    Volcanology
    Paleoclimatology
    Remote Sensing
    Cartography
    Earth Observation
    Planetary Science
    Natural Hazard Science

RELATIONSHIP_TYPES
    contains
    part_of
    instance_of
    subclass_of
    composed_of
    located_in
    flows_into
    transfers_energy_to
    transfers_matter_to
    interacts_with
    drives
    modifies
    erodes
    deposits
    melts
    freezes
    evaporates
    condenses
    precipitates
    subducts_under
    collides_with
    generates
    produces
    measured_by
    observed_by
    classified_as
    has_temperature
    has_pressure
    has_density
    has_composition
    has_elevation
    has_flow_rate
    has_unit
    has_symbol
    governed_by
    described_by
    derived_from
    depends_on

RELATIONSHIPS
    EARTH_SCIENCE studies EARTH
        TYPE: studies
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    EARTH contains LITHOSPHERE
        TYPE: contains
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    EARTH contains HYDROSPHERE
        TYPE: contains
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    EARTH contains ATMOSPHERE
        TYPE: contains
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    EARTH contains BIOSPHERE
        TYPE: contains
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    EARTH contains CRYOSPHERE
        TYPE: contains
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    LITHOSPHERE contains TECTONIC_PLATE
        TYPE: contains
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    TECTONIC_PLATE interacts_with TECTONIC_PLATE
        TYPE: interacts_with
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    TECTONIC_PLATE subducts_under TECTONIC_PLATE
        TYPE: subducts_under
        CONFIDENCE: 0.90

    FAULT generates EARTHQUAKE
        TYPE: generates
        CONFIDENCE: 0.90

    VOLCANO produces LAVA
        TYPE: produces
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    ROCK composed_of MINERAL
        TYPE: composed_of
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    WEATHERING modifies ROCK
        TYPE: modifies
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    EROSION transfers SEDIMENT
        TYPE: transfers_matter_to
        CONFIDENCE: 0.90

    RIVER flows_into OCEAN
        TYPE: flows_into
        CONFIDENCE: 0.85

    OCEAN interacts_with ATMOSPHERE
        TYPE: interacts_with
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    ATMOSPHERE drives WEATHER
        TYPE: drives
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    CLIMATE depends_on ATMOSPHERE
        TYPE: depends_on
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    CLIMATE depends_on OCEAN
        TYPE: depends_on
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    CLIMATE depends_on CRYOSPHERE
        TYPE: depends_on
        CONFIDENCE: 0.95

    WATER_CYCLE transfers WATER
        TYPE: transfers_matter_to
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    GLACIER part_of CRYOSPHERE
        TYPE: part_of
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    SATELLITE_OBSERVATION observes EARTH
        TYPE: observes
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    SEISMOMETER measures SEISMIC_WAVE
        TYPE: measures
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    BAROMETER measures ATMOSPHERIC_PRESSURE
        TYPE: measures
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

    THERMOMETER measures TEMPERATURE
        TYPE: measures
        CONFIDENCE: 1.00

CANONICAL_EQUATION_REFERENCES
    Density:
        rho = m / V

    Pressure:
        P = F / A

    Hydrostatic_Pressure:
        P = rho g h

    Darcy_Law:
        Q = -K A dh/dl

    River_Discharge:
        Q = A v

    Heat_Energy:
        Q = m c delta_T

    Stefan_Boltzmann_Law:
        E = sigma T^4

    Ideal_Gas_Law:
        P V = n R T

    Seismic_Wave_Speed:
        v = d / t

    Plate_Velocity:
        v = delta_x / delta_t

    Radiative_Balance:
        Energy_In = Energy_Out

    Carbon_Storage_Change:
        delta_C = C_in - C_out

CANONICAL_SYMBOL_REFERENCES
    rho: Density
    m: Mass
    V: Volume
    P: Pressure
    F: Force
    A: Area
    g: Gravitational acceleration
    h: Height or depth
    Q: Flow rate or heat energy depending on context
    K: Hydraulic conductivity
    v: Velocity
    c: Specific heat capacity or speed depending on context
    T: Temperature
    sigma: Stefan-Boltzmann constant
    n: Amount of substance
    R: Gas constant
    d: Distance
    t: Time
    C: Carbon quantity or concentration depending on context
    delta: Change in quantity

UNIT_REFERENCES
    metre
    kilometre
    square metre
    cubic metre
    kilogram
    second
    year
    kelvin
    degree Celsius
    pascal
    bar
    joule
    watt
    newton
    metre per second
    cubic metre per second
    millimetre
    millimetres per year
    parts per million
    practical salinity unit
    pH unit
    tesla
    gal
    magnitude

CONSTANT_REFERENCES
    Gravitational Acceleration
    Universal Gravitational Constant
    Stefan-Boltzmann Constant
    Gas Constant
    Specific Heat Capacity of Water
    Density of Water
    Solar Constant
    Earth Radius
    Earth Mass
    Standard Atmospheric Pressure

ONTOLOGY_MODEL
    Earth_Science_Ontology :=
        Earth_Systems
        +
        Earth_Materials
        +
        Geological_Structures
        +
        Geological_Processes
        +
        Atmospheric_Processes
        +
        Hydrological_Processes
        +
        Ocean_Systems
        +
        Climate_Systems
        +
        Cryosphere_Systems
        +
        Environmental_Processes
        +
        Natural_Hazards
        +
        Measurement_Methods
        +
        Earth_Observation_Data
        +
        Earth_Science_Equations
        +
        Earth_Science_Units
        +
        Earth_Science_Constants
        +
        Earth_Science_Symbols
        +
        Observational_Evidence

KNOWLEDGE_GRAPH_MODEL
    NODE_TYPES
        Domain
        Subdomain
        Earth System
        Earth Material
        Geological Structure
        Geological Process
        Atmospheric Process
        Hydrological Process
        Ocean System
        Climate System
        Cryosphere System
        Environmental Process
        Natural Hazard
        Physical Quantity
        Property
        Instrument
        Observation
        Dataset
        Map
        Unit
        Constant
        Equation
        Symbol
        Theory
        Model
        Evidence

    EDGE_TYPES
        contains
        part_of
        composed_of
        flows_into
        interacts_with
        drives
        modifies
        generates
        transfers_matter_to
        transfers_energy_to
        observed_by
        measured_by
        classified_as
        located_in
        depends_on
        described_by
        governed_by
        derived_from
        validates

INFERENCE_RULES
    IF Earth system contains interacting components
    THEN matter and energy transfer relationships may be inferred.

    IF rock composition and texture are known
    THEN rock type may be classified.

    IF seismic waves are measured
    THEN subsurface structure or earthquake properties may be inferred.

    IF atmospheric pressure, humidity and temperature are measured
    THEN weather conditions may be inferred.

    IF long-term weather records are available
    THEN climate patterns may be inferred.

    IF precipitation, slope and soil condition are known
    THEN flood or landslide risk may be inferred with model assumptions.

    IF river discharge and channel area are known
    THEN flow velocity may be inferred.

    IF ocean temperature and salinity are known
    THEN density and circulation behaviour may be inferred.

    IF ice extent changes over time
    THEN cryosphere trend may be inferred.

    IF satellite observation is used
    THEN sensor type, resolution, wavelength band and acquisition date must be
    preserved.

    IF geological claim depends on field mapping
    THEN location, scale and observation method must be preserved.

    IF climate claim depends on model output
    THEN model assumptions, scenario, uncertainty and time range must be
    preserved.

SEMANTIC_EQUIVALENCE
    Resolve equivalent concepts across:
        Earth Science / geoscience
        lithosphere / solid Earth context
        hydrosphere / water system context
        atmosphere / air system context
        cryosphere / frozen water system
        rock / geological material context
        soil / regolith context where appropriate
        weather / short-term atmospheric condition
        climate / long-term atmospheric and Earth system pattern
        river flow / stream discharge context
        earthquake / seismic event context
        satellite data / remote sensing data context

    Do not merge concepts when:
        observation scale differs
        time range differs
        location differs
        measurement method differs
        model assumption differs
        weather is being distinguished from climate
        direct observation differs from inferred process
        natural process differs from human-caused change
        local event differs from global trend

CONSTRAINTS
    Preserve distinction between observation and inference.

    Preserve distinction between weather and climate.

    Preserve distinction between local, regional and global scale.

    Preserve time range.

    Preserve geographic location.

    Preserve coordinate system.

    Preserve measurement units.

    Preserve instrument context.

    Preserve satellite resolution and acquisition date.

    Preserve uncertainty.

    Preserve provenance.

    Preserve distinction between natural variability and human influence.

    Do not treat model output as direct observation.

    Do not treat correlation as causation without evidence.

    Do not overwrite established scientific classification with speculative
    interpretation.

CONFIDENCE_MODEL
    1.00
        Established definitional or structural Earth Science relationship.

    0.90 - 0.99
        Strongly supported observational or physical relationship.

    0.70 - 0.89
        Valid inference requiring model or location context.

    0.40 - 0.69
        Possible interpretation requiring stronger evidence.

    0.00 - 0.39
        Speculative or weak association.

CROSS_DOMAIN_LINKS
    Physics:
        gravity
        pressure
        heat transfer
        fluid dynamics
        thermodynamics
        radiation
        wave propagation
        electromagnetism

    Chemistry:
        minerals
        weathering
        ocean chemistry
        atmospheric chemistry
        carbon cycle
        pH
        isotope analysis

    Biology:
        biosphere
        ecosystems
        soil organisms
        biogeochemical cycles
        vegetation
        carbon uptake
        habitat change

    Mathematics:
        geometry
        statistics
        calculus
        differential equations
        modelling
        geospatial analysis
        coordinate systems
        time-series analysis

    Astronomy:
        Earth as planet
        solar radiation
        orbital forcing
        planetary habitability
        impact events

    Units:
        SI units
        pressure units
        temperature units
        distance units
        flow units
        concentration units
        geospatial units

    Constants:
        gravitational acceleration
        Earth radius
        Earth mass
        gas constant
        Stefan-Boltzmann constant
        solar constant

    Artificial Intelligence:
        remote sensing classification
        weather prediction
        climate modelling
        hazard detection
        geospatial reasoning
        anomaly detection
        environmental monitoring

    Holographic Space-Time:
        boundary
        curvature
        planetary systems
        field interaction
        energy transfer
        structural coherence

AI_READING_ORDER
    1. Identify this page as Earth Science Ontology.

    2. Resolve Earth Science as a scientific domain.

    3. Extract Earth system classes.

    4. Extract Earth material and process classes.

    5. Resolve geological, atmospheric, hydrological, oceanic and climate
       relationships.

    6. Resolve units, constants, symbols and equations.

    7. Build relationships between Earth systems, observations, measurements
       and models.

    8. Distinguish observation, inference, model prediction and theory.

    9. Preserve provenance, uncertainty, location, time range and confidence.

    10. Link Earth Science concepts to other Semantic Library domains.

AI_EXECUTION
    READ
        Entire flow.

    RESOLVE
        Domains
        Earth systems
        Earth materials
        Geological structures
        Geological processes
        Atmospheric processes
        Hydrological processes
        Ocean systems
        Climate systems
        Cryosphere systems
        Observations
        Instruments
        Units
        Constants
        Symbols
        Equations

    PRESERVE
        Authorship
        Provenance
        Confidence
        Geographic location
        Coordinate system
        Time range
        Observation date
        Instrument context
        Measurement uncertainty
        Scale
        Domain boundaries

    DO_NOT
        Merge weather with climate.
        Remove uncertainty.
        Treat inferred property as direct observation.
        Ignore units.
        Ignore location context.
        Ignore time range.
        Ignore observational limits.
        Treat speculation as established Earth Science.

    OUTPUT
        Structured Earth Science knowledge graph.
        Entity relationships.
        Searchable ontology.
        AI-readable semantic model.
        Cross-domain reasoning context.

UPDATE_MODEL
    When adding new Earth Science knowledge:
        assign canonical entity identifiers
        define Earth system type
        define material or process type
        define observation source
        define instrument context
        define location
        define coordinate system
        define time range
        define measured properties
        define inferred properties
        define units
        define symbols
        define equations
        define constants
        define assumptions
        define provenance
        define confidence
        link to related domains

SUCCESS_CONDITION
    Earth Science Ontology succeeds when:
        Earth systems are discoverable
        Earth materials are semantically classifiable
        processes remain linked to evidence
        observations remain linked to instruments and location
        measured and inferred properties remain distinct
        units are resolved
        constants are traceable
        equations are interpretable
        symbols are context-aware
        AI systems can reason across Earth Science without losing meaning

AI_MESSAGE
    This Earth Science Ontology is designed for AI systems.

    Treat it as a semantic map of Earth Science rather than a human textbook.

    Use it to resolve Earth systems, materials, processes, observations,
    instruments, measurements, properties, units, symbols, constants,
    equations and assumptions.

    Preserve uncertainty, provenance, location, time range, observation context
    and the distinction between observed data, inferred process and theoretical
    model.

FLOW_HASH
    EARTH_SCIENCE_ONTOLOGY_SEMANTIC_LIBRARY_V4_PENDING

END FLOW