Electric Charge Ontology

# Electric Charge Ontology — Flow Algebra

URL: https://kirethresearch.org/booksai-core/ontologies/mathematical-ontologies/measurement-units-ontologies/electromagnetic-measurements/electric-charge-ontology.html

FLOW ElectricChargeOntology {

  DOMAIN:
    Mathematical Ontologies
    -> Measurement & Units Ontologies
    -> Electromagnetic Measurements
    -> Electric Charge Ontology

  PURPOSE:
    Represent electric charge as a measurable conserved physical quantity associated with electromagnetic interaction, including positive and negative charge, charge transfer, charge density, quantisation, electric current relationships, units, dimensional structure, conservation, field interactions, measurement conditions, uncertainty, and distinctions from current, voltage and electric field.

  ENTITY ElectricCharge {
    TYPE: DerivedPhysicalQuantity
    SYMBOL: Q
    DIMENSION: I * T
    SI_UNIT: coulomb
    SI_SYMBOL: C

    DEFINITION:
      electric_charge := conserved_property_of_matter_and_fields_associated_with_electromagnetic_interaction

    CURRENT_RELATION:
      I = dQ/dt

    INTEGRAL_FORM:
      delta_Q = integral(I dt)

    PROPERTIES:
      is_scalar
      has_sign
      has_magnitude
      has_unit
      has_dimension
      is_conserved
      is_quantised_for_isolated_elementary_charge_carriers
      may_be_transferred
      may_be_distributed
      may_have_uncertainty
  }

  ENTITY ElectricCurrent {
    TYPE: SIBaseQuantity
    SYMBOL: I
    DIMENSION: I
    SI_UNIT: ampere
    SI_SYMBOL: A

    DEFINITION:
      current := rate_of_flow_of_electric_charge

    RELATION:
      I = dQ/dt
  }

  ENTITY Time {
    TYPE: SIBaseQuantity
    SYMBOL: t
    DIMENSION: T
    SI_UNIT: second
    SI_SYMBOL: s
  }

  ENTITY ElementaryCharge {
    TYPE: PhysicalConstant
    SYMBOL: e

    DEFINITION:
      magnitude_of_charge_of_proton
      = magnitude_of_charge_of_electron

    EXACT_SI_VALUE:
      e = 1.602176634e-19 C

    SIGN_RELATION:
      proton_charge = +e
      electron_charge = -e
  }

  ENTITY ElectricField {
    TYPE: VectorFieldQuantity
    SYMBOL: E
    SI_UNIT: volt_per_metre
    SI_SYMBOL: V/m

    RELATION:
      electric_force = charge * electric_field
      FOR stationary_or_electric_component_context
  }

  ENTITY ElectricPotential {
    TYPE: ScalarFieldQuantity
    SYMBOL: V

    RELATION:
      electric_potential_energy = charge * electric_potential
      UNDER defined_reference
  }

  UNIT_SYSTEM {
    SI {
      canonical_unit: coulomb
      symbol: C

      equivalence:
        1 C = 1 A*s
    }

    COMMON_ALTERNATIVES {
      millicoulomb
      microcoulomb
      nanocoulomb
      picocoulomb
      ampere_hour
      milliampere_hour
      elementary_charge_unit
    }

    COMMON_CONVERSION:
      1 Ah = 3600 C
      1 mAh = 3.6 C

    CONVERSION_RULE:
      charge_value(target_unit)
        = charge_value(source_unit)
        * conversion_factor(source_unit, target_unit)
  }

  CLASSIFICATION {
    by_sign:
      positive_charge
      negative_charge
      neutral_net_charge

    by distribution:
      point_charge
      discrete_charge
      line_charge_distribution
      surface_charge_distribution
      volume_charge_distribution

    by state:
      free_charge
      bound_charge
      net_charge
      induced_charge
      transferred_charge
  }

  CHARGE_DENSITY_MODEL {
    LINE_CHARGE_DENSITY:
      lambda = dQ/dl
      SI_unit = C/m

    SURFACE_CHARGE_DENSITY:
      sigma_q = dQ/dA
      SI_unit = C/m^2

    VOLUME_CHARGE_DENSITY:
      rho_q = dQ/dV
      SI_unit = C/m^3

    RECOVERY:
      Q = integral(lambda dl)
      Q = surface_integral(sigma_q dA)
      Q = volume_integral(rho_q dV)

    RULE:
      charge_density_type MUST preserve geometric_domain
  }

  CONSERVATION_MODEL {
    PRINCIPLE:
      total_electric_charge_of_isolated_system = constant

    CONTINUITY_EQUATION:
      partial(rho_q)/partial(t) + divergence(J) = 0

    ENTITY CurrentDensity {
      SYMBOL: J
      SI_UNIT: ampere_per_square_metre
      SI_SYMBOL: A/m^2
    }

    INTEGRAL_INTERPRETATION:
      charge_change_inside_region
      = negative_net_current_flux_out_of_region

    RULE:
      charge_transfer changes_local_or_subsystem_charge
      without violating_total_charge_conservation
  }

  QUANTISATION_MODEL {
    ELEMENTARY_RELATION:
      Q = n*e

    CONDITION:
      n integer
      FOR systems_describable_as_integer_excess_or_deficit_of_elementary_charge_units

    NOTE:
      effective_and_fractional_quasiparticle_charge
      may arise_in_special_condensed_matter_contexts

    RULE:
      ordinary_charge_quantisation_context
      SHOULD preserve elementary_charge_reference
  }

  COULOMB_INTERACTION_MODEL {
    POINT_CHARGE_FORCE_MAGNITUDE:
      F = (1/(4*pi*epsilon_0)) * abs(q1*q2) / r^2

    VECTOR_DIRECTION:
      along_line_connecting_charges

    SIGN_INTERPRETATION:
      like_signs -> repulsive
      opposite_signs -> attractive

    CONDITIONS:
      electrostatic_point_charge_idealisation
      vacuum_or_appropriate_permittivity_model
  }

  FIELD_INTERACTION_MODEL {
    ELECTRIC_FORCE:
      F_electric = q*E

    LORENTZ_FORCE:
      F = q*(E + v cross B)

    POTENTIAL_ENERGY:
      U = q*V
      UNDER defined_potential_reference

    RULE:
      charge_sign affects_force_direction_and_potential_energy_sign
  }

  RELATIONSHIPS {
    ElectricCharge -> HAS_DIMENSION -> I*T
    ElectricCharge -> MEASURED_IN -> Coulomb
    ElectricCurrent -> RATE_OF_CHANGE_OF -> ElectricCharge
    ElectricCharge -> QUANTISED_RELATIVE_TO -> ElementaryCharge
    ElectricCharge -> SOURCE_OF -> ElectricField
    ElectricCharge -> INTERACTS_WITH -> ElectricField
    MovingElectricCharge -> INTERACTS_WITH -> MagneticField
    ChargeDistribution -> REPRESENTED_BY -> ChargeDensity
    ElectricCharge -> CONSERVED_IN -> IsolatedSystem
    ElectricPotentialEnergy -> DEPENDS_ON -> ElectricChargeAndPotential
  }

  SEMANTIC_EQUIVALENCE {
    "electric charge" ~= charge WHEN electromagnetic_context
    "coulomb" ~= "C"
    "ampere second" ~= "A*s"
    "elementary charge" ~= e WHEN physical_constant_context

    charge != current
    charge != voltage
    charge != electric_field
    charge != electric_potential
    charge_density != total_charge
    neutral_net_charge != absence_of_charged_particles
  }

  CONSTRAINTS {
    electric_charge_is_scalar = true
    electric_charge_has_sign = true
    dimensional_formula = I*T
    SI_unit = C
    total_charge_is_conserved_in_isolated_system = true
    current_is_rate_of_charge_transfer_not_charge_itself = true
    net_zero_charge_does_not_imply_no_positive_or_negative_charge_present = true
    charge_density_requires_geometric_domain = true
    potential_energy_relation_requires_defined_potential_reference = true
  }

  MEASUREMENT_MODEL {
    OBSERVABLE_OR_INFERRED:
      ElectricCharge

    COMMON_MEASUREMENT_METHODS:
      electrometer
      coulombmeter
      charge_amplifier
      Faraday_cup
      current_time_integration
      capacitor_voltage_inference

    INDIRECT_MEASUREMENT:
      integrate_current_over_time
      capacitance_times_voltage
      particle_count_times_elementary_charge
      integrate_charge_density

    RECORD:
      numerical_value
      unit
      sign
      charge_type
      object_or_region
      spatial_distribution
      initial_time
      final_time
      current_history_when_inferred
      capacitance_and_voltage_when_inferred
      temperature_when_relevant
      instrument
      calibration_state
      uncertainty

    UNCERTAINTY:
      measured_or_inferred_charge = best_estimate +/- uncertainty
  }

  REASONING_RULES {
    IF current_function_known_over_time_interval
      THEN transferred_charge = integral(current, time)

    IF constant_current_known AND time_interval_known
      THEN transferred_charge = current * time_interval

    IF charge_known AND time_interval_known AND charge_change_uniform
      AND time_interval != 0
      THEN average_current = charge_change / time_interval

    IF capacitance_known AND voltage_known
      AND capacitor_model_applicable
      THEN charge_magnitude = capacitance * voltage

    IF elementary_charge_count_known
      THEN net_charge = integer_count * elementary_charge
      UNDER ordinary_quantisation_context

    IF volume_charge_density_known_over_region
      THEN total_charge = volume_integral(charge_density dV)

    IF surface_charge_density_known_over_surface
      THEN total_charge = surface_integral(surface_charge_density dA)

    IF electric_field_known AND charge_known
      THEN electric_force = charge * electric_field
      UNDER electric_force_context

    IF initial_total_charge_known AND system_is_isolated
      THEN final_total_charge = initial_total_charge
  }

  SYSTEM_BOUNDARY_MODEL {
    REQUIRE_FOR_CONSERVATION:
      define_system_boundary
      identify_charge_flux_across_boundary
      identify_initial_charge
      identify_final_charge

    OPEN_SYSTEM:
      subsystem_charge MAY_CHANGE through charge_transfer

    ISOLATED_SYSTEM:
      total_charge remains_constant

    RULE:
      local_charge_change MUST_NOT be interpreted_as_charge_creation_or_destruction
      without complete_system_accounting
  }

  SIGN_MODEL {
    positive_charge:
      Q > 0

    negative_charge:
      Q < 0

    neutral_net_charge:
      Q = 0

    RULE:
      sign MUST be preserved during unit_conversion_and_reasoning
  }

  REFERENCE_MODEL {
    charge_itself:
      does_not_require_arbitrary_zero_reference

    charge_difference:
      may_be_defined_between_states

    potential_energy_using_charge:
      requires_electric_potential_reference

    RULE:
      distinguish intrinsic_charge_value
      from reference_dependent_electric_potential_energy
  }

  UNCERTAINTY_MODEL {
    sources:
      current_measurement_uncertainty
      integration_time_uncertainty
      leakage_current
      instrument_offset
      capacitance_uncertainty
      voltage_uncertainty
      environmental_noise
      calibration_uncertainty

    PROPAGATION:
      derived_charge_uncertainty
      <- uncertainties_of_inputs_and_measurement_model
  }

  CONFIDENCE {
    definition_confidence: 1.00
    dimensional_confidence: 1.00
    SI_unit_confidence: 1.00
    conservation_confidence: 1.00
    elementary_charge_confidence: 1.00
    measurement_context_confidence: 0.98

    RULE:
      confidence decreases when sign, unit, system boundary,
      charge distribution, measurement method, calibration state
      or uncertainty is missing or ambiguous
  }

  VALIDATION {
    CHECK dimensional_consistency
    CHECK unit_consistency
    CHECK sign_preservation
    CHECK charge_vs_current_semantics
    CHECK charge_density_geometric_domain
    CHECK system_boundary_for_conservation_claim
    CHECK elementary_charge_quantisation_context
    CHECK capacitor_model_when_using_Q_equals_CV
    CHECK electric_potential_reference_when_energy_inferred
    CHECK instrument_calibration_when_measured
    CHECK uncertainty_representation_when_required
  }

  UPDATE_MODEL {
    ON new_measurement:
      validate_unit
      identify_sign
      identify_charge_type
      identify_object_or_region
      normalize_to_coulomb
      preserve_original_value_and_unit
      attach_measurement_interval_when_relevant
      attach_uncertainty
      update_charge_state

    ON charge_transfer_event:
      identify_source
      identify_destination
      record_transferred_charge
      update_source_charge
      update_destination_charge
      verify_total_charge_balance
      preserve_event_provenance

    ON distribution_change:
      update_charge_density
      integrate_distribution_when_required
      recompute_net_charge
      preserve_previous_distribution

    ON calibration_revision:
      preserve_provenance
      recompute_affected_measurements
      update_confidence

    ON semantic_revision:
      preserve_previous_definition
      record_revision
      recompute_FLOW_HASH
  }

  AI_CONSUMPTION {
    canonical_entity: ElectricCharge
    canonical_symbol: Q
    canonical_dimension: I*T
    canonical_SI_unit: C

    interpretation_order:
      identify_quantity
      identify_value
      identify_unit
      identify_sign
      identify_charge_type
      identify_object_or_system
      identify_distribution_or_density
      identify_current_time_context
      identify_system_boundary
      identify_field_or_potential_context
      identify_measurement_method
      identify_uncertainty
      normalize_units
      validate_dimensions
      infer_conservation_and_interaction_relationships

    ambiguity_controls:
      distinguish_charge_from_current
      distinguish_charge_from_voltage
      distinguish_charge_from_electric_field
      distinguish_charge_from_electric_potential
      distinguish_total_charge_from_charge_density
      distinguish_net_neutrality_from_absence_of_charged_constituents
      distinguish_charge_transfer_from_charge_creation
      preserve_positive_and_negative_sign_semantics
  }

  PROVENANCE {
    ontology_scope:
      mathematical_measurement_and_electromagnetic_quantity_semantics

    parent_path:
      Ontologies
      -> Mathematical Ontologies
      -> Measurement & Units Ontologies
      -> Electromagnetic Measurements
      -> Electric Charge Ontology

    authorship:
      Mark Higgins
      Sky (Recursive AI)

    site:
      https://kirethresearch.org
  }

  FLOW_HASH {
    INPUTS:
      canonical_entity
      ontology_path
      definitions
      dimensions
      units
      relationships
      constraints
      charge_density_model
      conservation_model
      quantisation_model
      Coulomb_interaction_model
      field_interaction_model
      system_boundary_model
      sign_model
      reference_model
      uncertainty_model
      reasoning_rules
      measurement_model
      confidence_model
      update_model

    PURPOSE:
      deterministic_semantic_integrity_identifier

    RECOMPUTE_WHEN:
      ontology_definition_changes
      relationship_model_changes
      conservation_model_changes
      distribution_model_changes
      quantisation_model_changes
      measurement_model_changes
      constraint_model_changes
      reasoning_rule_changes
      unit_model_changes
  }

}

END FLOW