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DNA carries the instructions that guide biological structure and function. Its sequences encode the information required for cellular activity, development, and reproduction.This chapter explores DNA as an information boundary system, where genetic sequences organise and preserve biological instructions across generations.
The cell membrane defines the physical boundary that separates the internal environment of the cell from the external world. Through its structure and flexibility, it regulates exchange while preserving cellular stability.This chapter examines the membrane as a curvature boundary that maintains cellular organisation while allowing controlled interaction with surrounding environments.
The immune system protects organisms by recognising and responding to foreign structures that threaten biological stability. Through detection and response mechanisms, it distinguishes internal biological structures from external threats.This chapter examines immune discrimination as a system that resolves biological contradictions by identifying and neutralising disruptive elements.