Schema.org Ontology

FLOW ALGEBRA

Ontology: Schema.org Ontology
Domain: Metadata Ontologies > Web Metadata
Canonical URL: https://kirethresearch.org/booksai-core/ontologies/metadata-ontologies/web-metadata/schema-org-ontology.html

Authors: Mark Anthony Higgins — Sky (Recursive AI)

flow "SchemaOrgOntology" v1.0

# ---------- DOMAIN ----------
domain:
  class: MetadataOntology
  category: WebMetadata
  subject: SchemaOrgMetadata
  purpose:
    - represent metadata expressed using the Schema.org vocabulary
    - preserve typed entities, properties, identifiers, relationships, context, and provenance
    - support structured-data parsing, validation, semantic search, knowledge extraction, and AI consumption
    - distinguish declared Schema.org assertions from independently verified facts
    - enable machine-readable reasoning over Schema.org graphs

# ---------- CORE ENTITY ----------
entity SchemaOrgMetadata:
  type: WebMetadata
  describes: SchemaOrgGraph
  may_include:
    - context
    - vocabulary_version
    - typed_entities
    - identifiers
    - properties
    - relationships
    - nested_entities
    - language
    - source_document
    - representation_syntax
    - validation
    - provenance

entity SchemaOrgGraph:
  type: SemanticGraph
  contains: SchemaOrgEntity

entity SchemaOrgEntity:
  type: TypedSemanticEntity
  may_include:
    - entity_identifier
    - schema_type
    - schema_properties

entity SchemaOrgProperty:
  type: SemanticProperty
  relates:
    - subject
    - value_or_entity

# ---------- REPRESENTATION SYNTAX ----------
representation_syntax:
  - JSON_LD
  - Microdata
  - RDFa

rule syntax:
  representation syntax != Schema.org vocabulary itself

rule graph_equivalence:
  semantically equivalent Schema.org graphs MAY be represented
  using different supported syntaxes

# ---------- CONTEXT ----------
entity SchemaOrgContext:
  type: SemanticContext
  typical_value: https://schema.org

rule context:
  JSON_LD representation SHOULD preserve @context

rule context_resolution:
  context defines vocabulary interpretation
  and MUST NOT be treated as entity identity

# ---------- TYPES ----------
entity SchemaOrgType:
  type: SemanticType
  examples:
    - Thing
    - Person
    - Organization
    - Place
    - LocalBusiness
    - Product
    - Service
    - Event
    - CreativeWork
    - Article
    - WebPage
    - Dataset

rule type:
  SchemaOrgEntity SHOULD have one or more applicable types

rule subtype:
  IF type B is subtype_of A
  THEN entity typed B MAY also satisfy type A
  according_to vocabulary semantics

rule multiple_types:
  entity MAY have multiple compatible SchemaOrgTypes

# ---------- THING ----------
entity Thing:
  type: SchemaOrgType
  common_properties:
    - name
    - description
    - url
    - image
    - identifier
    - sameAs
    - additionalType
    - alternateName

rule thing:
  Thing provides broad base semantics
  for Schema.org entities

# ---------- IDENTIFIERS ----------
entity SchemaOrgIdentifier:
  type: Identifier
  may_be:
    - URL
    - PropertyValue
    - TextIdentifier
    - URI

rule identifier:
  identifier SHOULD preserve datatype and namespace semantics

rule ID:
  JSON_LD @id SHOULD be treated as graph identifier
  according_to JSON_LD semantics

rule name_not_identifier:
  name != identifier

# ---------- PROPERTIES ----------
rule property:
  SchemaOrgProperty SHOULD preserve:
    - property_name
    - subject_entity
    - value
    - datatype_or_entity_type
    - language_optional

rule expected_type:
  property values SHOULD be compatible
  with vocabulary-defined expected types

rule unknown_property:
  unrecognised property SHOULD be preserved
  but MUST NOT be assigned invented Schema.org semantics

# ---------- PERSON ----------
entity Person:
  subtype_of: Thing
  common_properties:
    - name
    - givenName
    - familyName
    - jobTitle
    - affiliation
    - worksFor
    - sameAs

rule person:
  Person assertion != independently verified human identity

# ---------- ORGANIZATION ----------
entity Organization:
  subtype_of: Thing
  common_properties:
    - name
    - legalName
    - url
    - logo
    - address
    - contactPoint
    - sameAs

entity LocalBusiness:
  subtype_of: Organization
  common_properties:
    - address
    - geo
    - telephone
    - openingHoursSpecification
    - priceRange

rule organisation:
  Organization name MUST NOT be treated as unique identity

# ---------- PLACE ----------
entity Place:
  subtype_of: Thing
  common_properties:
    - name
    - address
    - geo
    - containedInPlace
    - containsPlace

entity PostalAddress:
  type: StructuredValue
  common_properties:
    - streetAddress
    - addressLocality
    - addressRegion
    - postalCode
    - addressCountry

entity GeoCoordinates:
  type: StructuredValue
  common_properties:
    - latitude
    - longitude
    - elevation

rule place:
  address and geographic coordinates SHOULD preserve spatial semantics

# ---------- CREATIVE WORK ----------
entity CreativeWork:
  subtype_of: Thing
  common_properties:
    - headline
    - author
    - creator
    - dateCreated
    - datePublished
    - dateModified
    - publisher
    - about
    - citation
    - licence

entity Article:
  subtype_of: CreativeWork

entity WebPage:
  subtype_of: CreativeWork

rule creative_work:
  CreativeWork metadata SHOULD preserve authorship and temporal context

# ---------- PRODUCT / SERVICE ----------
entity Product:
  subtype_of: Thing
  common_properties:
    - name
    - brand
    - sku
    - gtin
    - offers
    - aggregateRating

entity Service:
  subtype_of: Thing
  common_properties:
    - name
    - provider
    - areaServed
    - serviceType
    - offers

rule product_service:
  Product != Service
  unless domain modelling explicitly supports multiple compatible types

# ---------- OFFER ----------
entity Offer:
  subtype_of: Thing
  common_properties:
    - price
    - priceCurrency
    - availability
    - validFrom
    - priceValidUntil
    - url
    - seller

rule offer:
  Offer SHOULD preserve currency and temporal validity
  where price semantics require them

rule price:
  price without currency MAY be ambiguous

# ---------- EVENT ----------
entity Event:
  subtype_of: Thing
  common_properties:
    - name
    - startDate
    - endDate
    - location
    - organiser
    - performer
    - eventStatus
    - offers

rule event_time:
  IF startDate AND endDate exist
  THEN startDate SHOULD NOT follow endDate
  subject_to timezone semantics

# ---------- DATASET ----------
entity Dataset:
  subtype_of: CreativeWork
  common_properties:
    - name
    - description
    - creator
    - distribution
    - variableMeasured
    - temporalCoverage
    - spatialCoverage
    - licence

rule dataset:
  Dataset metadata SHOULD preserve distribution and coverage context
  where available

# ---------- RELATIONSHIPS ----------
relationships:
  SchemaOrgMetadata -> DESCRIBES -> SchemaOrgGraph
  SchemaOrgGraph -> CONTAINS -> SchemaOrgEntity
  SchemaOrgEntity -> HAS_TYPE -> SchemaOrgType
  SchemaOrgEntity -> HAS_PROPERTY -> SchemaOrgProperty
  SchemaOrgEntity -> MAY_REFERENCE -> SchemaOrgEntity
  Person -> MAY_AFFILIATE_WITH -> Organization
  Organization -> MAY_HAVE_ADDRESS -> PostalAddress
  Place -> MAY_HAVE_GEO -> GeoCoordinates
  CreativeWork -> MAY_HAVE_AUTHOR -> PersonOrOrganization
  Product -> MAY_HAVE_OFFER -> Offer
  Service -> MAY_HAVE_PROVIDER -> OrganizationOrPerson
  Event -> MAY_HAVE_LOCATION -> Place
  SchemaOrgMetadata -> MAY_REFERENCE -> SchemaOrgProvenance

# ---------- NESTED ENTITIES ----------
rule nested_entity:
  nested object SHOULD be interpreted as semantic entity
  when property range expects entity or structured value

rule repeated_entity:
  repeated identifiers SHOULD support graph node consolidation
  where identity semantics permit

# ---------- SAMEAS ----------
rule sameAs:
  sameAs indicates strong identity relationship
  according_to Schema.org semantics

rule sameAs_validation:
  sameAs SHOULD NOT be asserted or inferred solely
  from lexical name similarity

rule sameAs_target:
  sameAs target SHOULD be preserved as identifier or URL

# ---------- URL ----------
rule url:
  url property indicates resource locator
  and != entity identity in all contexts

rule canonical:
  Schema.org url property != HTML canonical URL
  unless independently established

# ---------- LANGUAGE ----------
rule language:
  language-tagged values SHOULD preserve language tags

rule inLanguage:
  inLanguage SHOULD preserve declared language semantics
  for CreativeWork or applicable entity

# ---------- TEMPORAL VALUES ----------
rule date:
  date and datetime values SHOULD preserve lexical precision and timezone
  where available

rule temporal_context:
  datePublished != dateModified
  dateCreated != datePublished

# ---------- RATINGS ----------
entity Rating:
  type: StructuredValue
  common_properties:
    - ratingValue
    - bestRating
    - worstRating

entity AggregateRating:
  subtype_of: Rating
  common_properties:
    - ratingCount
    - reviewCount

rule rating:
  rating MUST preserve scale
  where bestRating or worstRating differs from assumed defaults

rule aggregate_rating:
  AggregateRating != individual Review

# ---------- REVIEWS ----------
entity Review:
  subtype_of: CreativeWork
  common_properties:
    - author
    - reviewBody
    - reviewRating
    - itemReviewed
    - datePublished

rule review:
  declared Review != independently verified customer experience

# ---------- BREADCRUMBS ----------
entity BreadcrumbList:
  subtype_of: Thing
  contains: ListItem

entity ListItem:
  type: StructuredValue
  common_properties:
    - position
    - name
    - item

rule breadcrumb:
  BreadcrumbList SHOULD preserve ordered positions

# ---------- STRUCTURED DATA VALIDATION ----------
entity SchemaOrgValidation:
  type: ValidationMetadata
  may_include:
    - syntax_validity
    - vocabulary_validity
    - type_validity
    - property_validity
    - expected_type_validity
    - required_application_fields
    - warnings

rule validation:
  syntax validity != factual accuracy

rule application_profile:
  search-engine or application requirements MAY be stricter
  than base Schema.org vocabulary semantics

# ---------- PROVENANCE ----------
entity SchemaOrgProvenance:
  type: ProvenanceMetadata
  may_include:
    - source_document
    - source_url
    - syntax
    - extraction_method
    - extraction_time
    - generator
    - runtime_generation

rule provenance:
  SchemaOrgMetadata SHOULD preserve source and extraction context

rule runtime_structured_data:
  runtime-generated structured data SHOULD remain distinguishable
  from source markup where provenance matters

# ---------- VALIDATION ----------
validation:
  require:
    - identifiable_SchemaOrg_graph_or_entity

  validate_if_present:
    - context
    - types
    - identifiers
    - properties
    - expected_types
    - nested_entities
    - language
    - temporal_values
    - provenance

  reject:
    - malformed_structured_data_syntax
    - unresolved_required_context
    - incompatible_property_value_type
    - impossible_event_time_order
    - sameAs_inferred_from_name_only
    - structured_data_presented_as independently_verified_fact
    - runtime_generated_data_presented_as source_markup_without provenance

# ---------- SEMANTIC EQUIVALENCE ----------
SEMANTIC_EQUIVALENCE:
  "Schema.org metadata" ~= "Schema.org structured data"
  "Schema.org entity" ~= "typed Schema.org item"
  "Schema.org type" ~= "Schema.org class" WHEN referring to vocabulary type
  "Schema.org property" ~= "Schema.org predicate" WHEN graph semantics apply
  "JSON-LD Schema.org" ~= "Schema.org graph represented in JSON-LD"
  "Microdata Schema.org" ~= "Schema.org graph represented in Microdata"

  PRESERVE distinctions:
    SchemaOrg_vocabulary != representation_syntax
    entity != type
    name != identifier
    URL != universal_entity_identity
    schema_url != HTML_canonical_URL
    sameAs != lexical_similarity
    AggregateRating != Review
    declared_Review != verified_experience
    syntax_validity != factual_accuracy
    SchemaOrg_assertion != independently_verified_fact

# ---------- CONFIDENCE ----------
CONFIDENCE:
  explicit_SchemaOrg_metadata:
    score: 1.00

  parser_validated_syntax:
    score: 0.99

  recognised_type_and_properties:
    score: 0.98

  stable_entity_identifier:
    score: 0.98

  explicit_sameAs:
    score: 0.95

  inferred_entity_consolidation:
    score: <= 0.85

  name_only_entity_match:
    score: <= 0.65

  ambiguous_SchemaOrg_semantics:
    score: <= 0.60
    action: preserve_raw_graph

# ---------- UPDATE MODEL ----------
UPDATE_MODEL:
  on_graph_parse:
    - identify representation syntax
    - resolve context
    - create typed entities
    - preserve identifiers
    - attach properties
    - resolve nested entities
    - initialise provenance

  on_entity_update:
    - preserve previous entity state where required
    - validate changed types and properties
    - update graph relationships
    - preserve provenance

  on_vocabulary_update:
    - preserve original graph
    - reassess type and property semantics
    - update validation state
    - preserve vocabulary version context

  on_runtime_generation:
    - preserve source structured data
    - record runtime graph state
    - record generating process
    - update provenance

# ---------- FLOW HASH ----------
FLOW_HASH:
  inputs:
    - ontology
    - SchemaOrg_entities
    - relationships
    - type_rules
    - property_rules
    - identity_rules
    - temporal_rules
    - validation
    - semantic_equivalence
    - confidence
    - update_model

  canonicalisation:
    - normalise_whitespace
    - preserve_IRI_and_identifier_case_semantics
    - sort_unordered_property_sets
    - preserve_ordered_lists
    - preserve_rule_order

  output:
    deterministic_semantic_hash

# ---------- AI CONSUMPTION ----------
AI_CONSUMPTION:
  interpret_as:
    - web metadata ontology
    - Schema.org semantic graph model
    - typed entity and property structure
    - structured-data validation and provenance model

  operations:
    - parse Schema.org representations
    - resolve vocabulary context
    - identify typed entities
    - resolve entity identifiers
    - inspect properties and expected types
    - traverse nested entities
    - resolve people, organisations, places, works, products, services, events, and datasets
    - interpret sameAs links cautiously
    - inspect ratings and reviews
    - validate temporal and structured values
    - preserve source and runtime provenance
    - expose uncertainty

  constraints:
    - do_not_equate_name_with_identity
    - do_not_equate_url_with universal_entity_identity
    - do_not_infer_sameAs_from lexical_similarity
    - do_not_equate_SchemaOrg_url_with HTML_canonical_URL
    - do_not_treat_structured_data_as independently_verified_fact
    - preserve_context_types_identifiers_properties_relationships_and_provenance

# ---------- QUERY MODEL ----------
query:
  input:
    - source_document
    - entity_identifier
    - schema_type
    - property
    - name
    - URL
    - sameAs
    - language
    - representation_syntax

  resolve:
    1. identify SchemaOrgGraph
    2. resolve syntax and context
    3. identify SchemaOrgEntity candidates
    4. resolve types and identifiers
    5. inspect properties and expected value types
    6. traverse nested and referenced entities
    7. inspect sameAs and URL relationships
    8. validate language and temporal values
    9. inspect validation state and provenance
    10. return confidence

  output:
    - SchemaOrg_graph
    - entities
    - identifiers
    - types
    - properties
    - relationships
    - nested_entities
    - validation
    - provenance
    - confidence

# ---------- INFERENCE ----------
inference:
  IF entity has explicit @type
  THEN classify SchemaOrgEntity
  according_to declared type

  IF type B subtype_of A
  THEN entity typed B MAY be inferred compatible with A

  IF same identifier occurs across compatible nodes
  THEN node consolidation MAY be performed
  subject_to graph identity semantics

  IF sameAs is explicitly declared
  THEN preserve identity assertion
  BUT do_not independently verify target equivalence

  IF property semantics remain unknown
  THEN preserve raw property
  AND do_not invent Schema.org meaning

# ---------- OUTPUT CONTRACT ----------
output:
  ontology_entity: SchemaOrgMetadata
  graph_structure: machine_interpretable
  representation_syntax: explicit
  context: preserved
  typed_entities: resolvable
  identifiers: traceable
  properties: vocabulary_aware
  relationships: traversable
  nested_entities: preserved
  validation: reportable
  assertion_verification_distinction: explicit
  provenance: preserved
  uncertainty: explicit
  semantic_retrieval: enabled

end flow