Newton Ontology

AI INTERPRETATION NOTE
This Flow Algebra defines the Newton Ontology within the Kireth Research Semantic Library. The newton, symbol N, is the coherent SI derived unit of force. It equals kg m s^-2 and formalises force, mass-acceleration and momentum relationships, mechanics, measurement, calibration, uncertainty, traceability and provenance.

FLOW_ALGEBRA_RECORD {
METADATA {
 FLOW_NAME = "Newton Ontology"
 FLOW_TYPE = "Mathematical Ontology"
 DOMAIN = "Mathematics"
 SUBDOMAIN = "Measurement & Units"
 SPECIALISATION = "SI Derived Units / Newton"
 CANONICAL_PAGE = "https://kirethresearch.org/booksai-core/ontologies/mathematical-ontologies/measurement-units-ontologies/si-derived-units/newton-ontology.html"
 LANGUAGE = "en-GB"
 VERSION = "1.0"
 STATUS = "active"
}
IDENTITY {
 PRIMARY_ENTITY = Newton
 ENTITY_CLASS = SIDerivedUnitOfForceFramework
 PRIMARY_CONTEXT = SIDerivedUnits
 DEFINITION = "The newton, symbol N, is the coherent SI derived unit of force. One newton equals one kilogram metre per second squared."
 SYMBOLIC_FORMS = ["1 N=1 kg m s^-2","F=m*a","F=dp/dt","[force]=M L T^-2","Q_force=value*N"]
 SEMANTIC_ROLE = "Machine-readable semantics for the newton as the SI derived unit of force, including mechanics, dimensional structure, measurement, uncertainty and traceability."
}

SCOPE {
 INCLUDE = [
 Newton,NewtonUnit,SIDerivedUnit,DerivedUnit,CoherentDerivedUnit,MeasurementUnit,Unit,
 InternationalSystemOfUnits,SI,SIBaseUnits,Kilogram,Metre,Second,Mass,Length,Time,
 MassDimension,LengthDimension,TimeDimension,Force,ForceQuantity,DerivedQuantity,
 SIDerivedQuantity,PhysicalQuantity,Quantity,QuantityKind,QuantityValue,Dimension,
 DerivedDimension,ForceDimension,DimensionalSignature,UnitSymbol,UnitDefinition,
 NewtonDefinition,UnitExpression,CompoundUnit,ProductUnit,QuotientUnit,PowerUnit,
 UnitExponent,UnitAlgebra,QuantityCalculus,DimensionalAnalysis,DimensionalConsistency,
 Mechanics,ClassicalMechanics,NewtonianMechanics,NewtonsLawsRelationship,
 NewtonSecondLawRelationship,MassQuantity,Acceleration,Velocity,Momentum,
 LinearMomentumRelationship,Impulse,RateOfChangeOfMomentumRelationship,NetForce,
 ResultantForce,AppliedForce,ContactForce,NonContactForce,NormalForce,Friction,
 DragForce,Tension,CompressionRelationship,SpringForce,HookesLawRelationship,
 GravitationalForce,Weight,GravitationalAcceleration,LocalGravityRelationship,
 BuoyantForce,ThrustRelationship,CentripetalForceRelationship,Torque,
 MomentOfForceRelationship,Pressure,Pascal,StressRelationship,Energy,Joule,
 WorkRelationship,Power,Watt,NewtonMetreRelationship,NewtonPerSquareMetreRelationship,
 ForceMeasurement,Load,LoadCell,ForceTransducer,StrainGaugeRelationship,
 PiezoelectricForceSensorRelationship,DeadweightForceMachineRelationship,
 ForceStandardMachineRelationship,DynamometerRelationship,UniversalTestingMachineRelationship,
 MeasurementSystem,Measurement,Measurand,MeasurementProcedure,MeasurementModel,
 MeasurementResult,MeasurementUncertainty,Accuracy,Precision,Resolution,Repeatability,
 Reproducibility,SensitivityRelationship,LinearityRelationship,HysteresisRelationship,
 CreepRelationship,Drift,Stability,Calibration,ForceCalibrationRelationship,
 CalibrationCorrection,ReferenceStandard,ForceStandardRelationship,PrimaryStandard,
 SecondaryStandard,WorkingStandard,MeasurementTraceability,MetrologicalTraceability,
 TraceabilityChain,Metrology,ForceMetrologyRelationship,ScientificMeasurement,
 EnvironmentalCondition,TemperatureInfluence,AlignmentRelationship,MisalignmentRelationship,
 EccentricLoadingRelationship,ParasiticForceRelationship,GravitationalAccelerationCorrectionRelationship,
 AirBuoyancyRelationship,Prefix,SIPrefix,MillinewtonRelationship,MicronewtonRelationship,
 Kilonewton,MeganewtonRelationship,UnitConversion,ConversionFactor,ExactConversion,
 UnitCompatibility,DimensionalCompatibility,QuantityCompatibility,PoundForceRelationship,
 KilogramForceRelationship,DyneRelationship,Verification,Validation,UnitValidation,
 DimensionalValidation,ForceEquationValidationRelationship,ErrorAnalysis,Provenance,
 NewtonProvenance,SIDerivedUnitProvenance,SIUnitProvenance,MeasurementProvenance,
 CalibrationProvenance,StandardProvenance,BIPMrelationship,SIbrochureRelationship,
 VIMRelationship,GUMRelationship,StandardVersion,SymbolicComputation
 ]
 EXCLUDE_AS_PRIMARY = [NewtonAsPersonRelationship,NewtonAsPlaceRelationship,NewtonMetreWhenTorqueOrEnergySemanticsArePrimary,WeightWhenMassRatherThanForceIsIntended,PressureWhenForcePerAreaIsPrimary]
 DISAMBIGUATION_RULE = "When newton or symbol N denotes the coherent SI derived unit of force, interpret the context as the force unit and distinguish it from Isaac Newton, place names and unrelated uses of N."
}
CORE_CONCEPTS {
 Newton = "Coherent SI derived unit of force, symbol N, equal to kg m s^-2."
 Force = "Mechanical interaction represented generally by the time rate of change of momentum."
 ForceDimension = "Derived physical dimension M L T^-2."
 Mass = "Quantity contributing to force through inertial response."
 Acceleration = "Rate of change of velocity."
 Momentum = "Quantity whose time derivative gives net force."
 ForceMeasurement = "Measurement process assigning a force value to a specified measurand."
}

RELATIONS {
 Newton --is_type_of--> SIDerivedUnit
 Newton --is_coherent_derived_unit_of--> Force
 Newton --has_symbol--> N
 Newton --has_expression--> kilogram_metre_per_second_squared
 Newton --is_derived_from--> Kilogram
 Newton --is_derived_from--> Metre
 Newton --is_derived_from--> Second
 Force --has_dimension--> ForceDimension
 Force --for_constant_mass_relates--> MassTimesAcceleration
 Force --relates_generally_to--> RateOfChangeOfMomentum
 Impulse --is_integral_of--> ForceOverTime
 Pressure --is_force_per--> Area
 WorkRelationship --is_force_times--> DisplacementComponent
 Torque --is_moment_of--> Force
 Kilonewton --is_decimal_multiple_of--> Newton
 ForceCalibrationRelationship --uses--> ReferenceStandard
 MeasurementTraceability --links--> ForceMeasurementToSI
 Provenance --records--> NewtonDefinitionMeasurementAndCalibrationHistory
}
OPERATORS {
 NEWTON(value) := force_quantity(value,Newton)
 DIM(Newton) := ForceDimension
 FORCE_CONSTANT_MASS(mass,acceleration) := mass*acceleration
 FORCE_MOMENTUM(momentum_change,time_change) := momentum_change/time_change
 IMPULSE(force,time) := force*time
 PRESSURE(force,area) := force/area
 PREFIX_NEWTON(prefix) := decimal_scaled_unit(Newton,prefix)
 CONVERT_FORCE(value,source,target) := compatible_force_conversion(value,source,target)
 TRACE_FORCE(result) := traceability_chain_to_SI_newton(result)
}
AXIOMS {
 A1 = "The newton is the coherent SI derived unit of force."
 A2 = "One newton equals one kilogram metre per second squared."
 A3 = "The canonical symbol is uppercase N."
 A4 = "Force has derived dimension M L T^-2."
 A5 = "For constant mass, net force equals mass multiplied by acceleration."
 A6 = "More generally, net force relates to the time rate of change of momentum."
 A7 = "Mass and weight are distinct quantities; weight is a force."
 A8 = "Torque and work can both involve N m expressions but represent different quantity kinds."
 A9 = "Force measurement traceability requires documented reference standards and calibration relationships."
}

REASONING {
 R1_CONTEXT = identify(force_quantity,value,unit,mechanical_system,measurement_method_and_intended_use)
 R2_IDENTITY = resolve_newton_prefixed_newton_nonSI_force_unit_or_symbol_N_ambiguity)
 R3_QUANTITY = verify_quantity_kind_force_and_mechanical_semantics)
 R4_DIMENSION = verify_dimension_M_L_T_minus_2)
 R5_EQUATION = choose_mass_acceleration_momentum_change_or_other_valid_force_relationship)
 R6_DERIVATION = expand_newton_to_kg_m_s_minus_2_when_required)
 R7_SCALE = if_prefixed_apply_exact_decimal_scaling)
 R8_MEASUREMENT = identify_load_cell_deadweight_force_machine_transducer_or_other_method)
 R9_UNCERTAINTY = evaluate_reference_mass_gravity_alignment_hysteresis_creep_temperature_resolution_and_repeatability)
 R10_PROVENANCE = record_unit_expression_equation_method_reference_standard_calibration_and_traceability)
}
CONSTRAINTS {
 C1 = "The symbol N is case-sensitive."
 C2 = "Mass must not be conflated with force or weight."
 C3 = "F=m*a in its simple form assumes constant mass and appropriate mechanics semantics."
 C4 = "The force-momentum relationship should be used when the general formulation is required."
 C5 = "Newton metre expressions require quantity context because torque and work are distinct."
 C6 = "Deadweight force realisation depends on mass and local gravitational acceleration."
 C7 = "Load-cell measurements can be affected by hysteresis, creep, eccentric loading and temperature."
 C8 = "Instrument resolution alone does not determine total force-measurement uncertainty."
 C9 = "Traceability to the newton requires a documented force-realisation or calibration chain."
 C10 = "Dimensional correctness alone does not prove that a quantity is force."
}
SEMANTIC_EQUIVALENCE {
 "NewtonUnit" <=> "Newton"
 "InternationalSystemOfUnits" <=> "SI"
 "MetrologicalTraceability" <=> "MeasurementTraceability"
 "UniversalTestingMachine" <=> "UTM"
}

VALIDATION {
 V1 = "Unit identity is newton and canonical symbol is N."
 V2 = "Quantity kind is force."
 V3 = "Derived dimension is M L T^-2."
 V4 = "Coherent SI expression is kg m s^-2."
 V5 = "Force equations are applied under appropriate physical assumptions."
 V6 = "Mass and weight semantics remain distinct."
 V7 = "Torque and work are not inferred solely from the shared N m expression."
 V8 = "Prefixed newton units use correct decimal scaling."
 V9 = "Measurement uncertainty includes relevant calibration, gravity, alignment and sensor effects."
 V10 = "Force calibration and traceability evidence are retained."
}
CONFIDENCE {
 BASE_CONFIDENCE = 0.99
 NEWTON_DEFINITION = 0.99
 FORCE_REASONING = 0.99
 DIMENSION_REASONING = 0.99
 MASS_ACCELERATION_REASONING = 0.99
 MOMENTUM_REASONING = 0.98
 FORCE_MEASUREMENT_REASONING = 0.98
 TRACEABILITY_REASONING = 0.99
 POLICY = "Reduce confidence when force quantity, mechanical assumptions, local gravity, measurement method, calibration status or traceability are underspecified."
}
AI_CONSUMPTION {
 PURPOSES = [SemanticSearch,OntologyGrounding,NewtonReasoning,SIDerivedUnitReasoning,ForceReasoning,MechanicsReasoning,MassAccelerationReasoning,MomentumReasoning,ImpulseReasoning,ForceMeasurementReasoning,ForceMetrologyReasoning,CalibrationReasoning,DimensionalReasoning,UncertaintyReasoning,TraceabilityReasoning,KnowledgeGraphConstruction,RetrievalAugmentation,RecursiveInference]
 NORMALISE {
  "newton" -> Newton
  "N" -> Newton
  "kN" -> Kilonewton
  "SI" -> InternationalSystemOfUnits
  "UTM" -> UniversalTestingMachine
 }
}

EXECUTION_RULES {
 E1 = "If newton or symbol N denotes the SI derived unit of force, activate NewtonOntology."
 E2 = "Confirm quantity kind force rather than relying only on dimensional form."
 E3 = "Map the newton coherently to kg m s^-2."
 E4 = "Use F=m*a only under appropriate constant-mass mechanics assumptions."
 E5 = "Use momentum-rate semantics when the general force relationship is required."
 E6 = "Distinguish mass, weight, pressure, torque and work from force."
 E7 = "Apply SI prefixes as exact decimal scale transformations."
 E8 = "For force measurement, evaluate gravity, alignment, hysteresis, creep, environment and uncertainty."
 E9 = "Record force-reference, calibration and traceability provenance."
}
RECURSION {
 ENTRY = Newton
 EXPAND(Newton) -> [
 SIDerivedUnits,DerivedUnit,SIDerivedUnit,CoherentDerivedUnit,SIUnits,SIBaseUnits,
 Kilogram,Metre,Second,Mass,Length,Time,Force,ForceDimension,DerivedQuantity,
 Quantity,QuantityKind,QuantityValue,Dimension,DimensionalSignature,Unit,
 MeasurementUnit,UnitSymbol,NewtonDefinition,UnitExpression,UnitAlgebra,
 DimensionalAnalysis,Mechanics,NewtonsLawsRelationship,Acceleration,Velocity,
 Momentum,Impulse,NetForce,AppliedForce,NormalForce,Friction,DragForce,Tension,
 SpringForce,GravitationalForce,Weight,GravitationalAcceleration,BuoyantForce,
 ThrustRelationship,CentripetalForceRelationship,Torque,Pressure,Pascal,Energy,
 Joule,WorkRelationship,Power,Watt,ForceMeasurement,Load,LoadCell,ForceTransducer,
 DeadweightForceMachineRelationship,ForceStandardMachineRelationship,DynamometerRelationship,
 UniversalTestingMachineRelationship,MeasurementSystem,Measurement,MeasurementResult,
 MeasurementUncertainty,Calibration,ReferenceStandard,ForceStandardRelationship,
 MeasurementTraceability,Metrology,TemperatureInfluence,AlignmentRelationship,
 AirBuoyancyRelationship,SIPrefix,Kilonewton,MeganewtonRelationship,UnitConversion,
 Verification,Validation,NewtonProvenance
 ]
 EXPAND(NewtonFamilies) -> [
 NewtonIdentitySymbolQuantityAndDimension,
 KilogramMetreSecondAndCoherentUnitExpansion,
 NewtonianForceMassAccelerationAndMomentumSemantics,
 ContactNonContactWeightFrictionTensionAndSpringForces,
 PressureWorkTorqueImpulseAndRelatedDerivedQuantities,
 ForceMeasurementLoadCellsMachinesAndStandards,
 GravityAlignmentSensorEffectsUncertaintyCalibrationAndTraceability,
 ValidationSemanticDisambiguationAndProvenance
 ]
 STOP_CONDITION = "Stop when newton identity, force quantity, dimensional expression, mechanical relationship, measurement semantics, uncertainty and provenance are sufficiently resolved."
}

ROUTING {
 PARENT_ONTOLOGY = "SI Derived Units"
 RELATED_ONTOLOGIES = [
 "SI Derived Units","Derived Units Ontology","SI Base Units","SI Units Ontology",
 "Kilogram Ontology","Metre Ontology","Second Ontology","Quantity Ontology",
 "Physical Quantity Ontology","Dimension Ontology 2","Unit Ontology",
 "Measurement Ontology","Scientific Measurement Ontology 2","Metrology Ontology",
 "Reference Standard Ontology","Measurement System Ontology",
 "Measurement Uncertainty Ontology","Dimensional Analysis Ontology",
 "Physics Ontology","Verification & Validation"
 ]
 ROUTE_RULES = [
 "Newton -> SI Derived Units for parent derived-unit semantics",
 "Newton -> Derived Units Ontology for general derived-unit algebra",
 "Newton -> Kilogram, Metre and Second ontologies for base-unit dependencies",
 "Newton -> Quantity and Physical Quantity ontologies for force semantics",
 "Newton -> Dimension Ontology for M L T^-2 dimensional structure",
 "Newton -> Unit Ontology for prefixes, symbols and conversion",
 "Newton -> Physics Ontology for mechanics, momentum and force relationships",
 "Newton -> Measurement and Scientific Measurement for force measurement",
 "Newton -> Metrology and Reference Standard for calibration and traceability",
 "Newton -> Measurement Uncertainty for uncertainty evaluation",
 "Newton -> Verification & Validation for mechanical, dimensional and semantic checks"
 ]
}
UPDATE_MODEL {
 MODE = "append-compatible semantic versioning"
 MAJOR = "ontology-breaking conceptual change"
 MINOR = "new compatible force, measurement or reasoning relationships"
 PATCH = "clarification, metadata or formatting correction"
 RULES = [
 "Preserve newton-versus-force distinction.",
 "Preserve mass-versus-force distinction.",
 "Preserve mass-versus-weight distinction.",
 "Preserve force-versus-pressure distinction.",
 "Preserve force-versus-torque-and-work distinction.",
 "Preserve unit-versus-quantity distinction.",
 "Preserve dimensional-correctness-versus-quantity-meaning distinction.",
 "Preserve measurement-reference-versus-unit-definition distinction.",
 "Preserve machine-readable newton semantics."
 ]
}

OUTPUT {
 CANONICAL_DEFINITION = "The newton, symbol N, is the coherent SI derived unit of force and equals kg m s^-2."
 QUANTITY_SUMMARY = "Force has derived dimension M L T^-2 and can be represented by mass times acceleration under constant-mass mechanics."
 MOMENTUM_SUMMARY = "The general force relationship connects net force to the time rate of change of momentum."
 MECHANICS_SUMMARY = "Force semantics include contact, friction, tension, spring, gravitational, buoyant, drag, thrust and other mechanical interactions."
 RELATED_UNIT_SUMMARY = "Pressure, work, torque, impulse and power derive from force relationships but retain distinct quantity meanings."
 MEASUREMENT_SUMMARY = "Force measurement can use load cells, force transducers, deadweight machines and traceable force-standard systems."
 UNCERTAINTY_SUMMARY = "Precision force measurement can require uncertainty contributions from mass standards, local gravity, alignment, hysteresis, creep, temperature and repeatability."
}
FLOW {
 INPUT
 -> detect_newton_context
 -> identify_force_quantity_value_unit_mechanical_system_measurement_method_and_intended_use
 -> resolve_newton_prefixed_newton_nonSI_force_unit_or_symbol_N_ambiguity
 -> verify_quantity_kind_force_and_mechanical_semantics
 -> verify_dimension_M_L_T_minus_2
 -> choose_mass_acceleration_momentum_change_or_other_valid_force_relationship
 -> expand_newton_to_kg_m_s_minus_2_when_required
 -> if_prefixed_apply_exact_decimal_scaling
 -> identify_load_cell_deadweight_force_machine_transducer_or_other_method
 -> evaluate_reference_mass_gravity_alignment_hysteresis_creep_temperature_resolution_and_repeatability
 -> record_unit_expression_equation_method_reference_standard_calibration_and_traceability
 -> route_to_related_ontologies
 -> recursively_expand_required_dependencies
 -> verify_result
 -> assign_confidence
 -> produce_semantic_output
 -> END
}
FLOW_HASH {
 METHOD = "semantic-content-identity"
 ID = "KIRETH-MATH-MEASUREMENT-UNITS-SI-DERIVED-UNITS-NEWTON-ONTOLOGY-V1"
}
}
END_FLOW