Coulomb Ontology

AI INTERPRETATION NOTE
This Flow Algebra defines the Coulomb Ontology within the Kireth Research Semantic Library. The coulomb, symbol C, is the coherent SI derived unit of electric charge. It equals one ampere second and formalises electric charge, current-time relationships, elementary charge, electrostatics, measurement, calibration, uncertainty, traceability and provenance.

FLOW_ALGEBRA_RECORD {
METADATA {
 FLOW_NAME="Coulomb Ontology"
 FLOW_TYPE="Mathematical Ontology"
 DOMAIN="Mathematics"
 SUBDOMAIN="Measurement & Units"
 SPECIALISATION="SI Derived Units / Coulomb"
 CANONICAL_PAGE="https://kirethresearch.org/booksai-core/ontologies/mathematical-ontologies/measurement-units-ontologies/si-derived-units/coulomb-ontology.html"
 LANGUAGE="en-GB"
 VERSION="1.0"
 STATUS="active"
}
IDENTITY {
 PRIMARY_ENTITY=Coulomb
 ENTITY_CLASS=SIDerivedUnitOfElectricChargeFramework
 PRIMARY_CONTEXT=SIDerivedUnits
 DEFINITION="The coulomb, symbol C, is the coherent SI derived unit of electric charge. One coulomb is the charge transported by a constant current of one ampere in one second."
 SYMBOLIC_FORMS=["1 C=1 A s","Q=I*t","Q=integral(I dt)","Q=n*e","[electric_charge]=I T"]
 SEMANTIC_ROLE="Machine-readable semantics for the coulomb, electric charge, current-time integration, elementary-charge relationships, measurement, uncertainty and traceability."
}

SCOPE {
 INCLUDE=[
 Coulomb,CoulombUnit,SIDerivedUnit,DerivedUnit,CoherentDerivedUnit,MeasurementUnit,Unit,
 InternationalSystemOfUnits,SI,SIBaseUnits,Ampere,Second,ElectricCharge,ChargeQuantity,
 DerivedQuantity,Quantity,QuantityKind,QuantityValue,Dimension,ElectricChargeDimension,
 DimensionalSignature,UnitSymbol,CoulombDefinition,UnitExpression,UnitAlgebra,
 QuantityCalculus,DimensionalAnalysis,ElectricCurrent,CurrentTimeRelationship,
 ChargeFlowRelationship,ChargeTransferRelationship,ConservationOfCharge,
 PositiveChargeRelationship,NegativeChargeRelationship,NetChargeRelationship,
 ElementaryCharge,ElectronChargeRelationship,ProtonChargeRelationship,
 ChargeQuantisationRelationship,ElectrostaticsRelationship,ElectricFieldRelationship,
 ElectricPotentialRelationship,Voltage,Volt,ElectricPotentialEnergyRelationship,
 CoulombsLawRelationship,PermittivityRelationship,ElectricFluxRelationship,
 ChargeDensityRelationship,SurfaceChargeDensityRelationship,VolumeChargeDensityRelationship,
 Capacitance,Farad,CapacitorRelationship,CapacitorChargeRelationship,
 DielectricRelationship,CurrentDensityRelationship,GaussLawRelationship,
 ChargeCarrierRelationship,ElectronRelationship,IonRelationship,
 ElectrochemistryRelationship,ElectrolysisRelationship,FaradayConstantRelationship,
 MoleRelationship,CoulometryRelationship,CoulometricAnalysisRelationship,
 BatteryCapacityRelationship,AmpereHourRelationship,StateOfChargeRelationship,
 ChargeMeasurement,CoulombmeterRelationship,ElectrometerRelationship,
 FaradayCupRelationship,CurrentIntegratorRelationship,MeasurementSystem,
 Measurement,Measurand,MeasurementProcedure,MeasurementModel,MeasurementResult,
 MeasurementUncertainty,Accuracy,Precision,Resolution,Repeatability,Reproducibility,
 LeakageCurrentRelationship,OffsetRelationship,Drift,Stability,Calibration,
 ChargeCalibrationRelationship,CurrentCalibrationRelationship,TimeCalibrationRelationship,
 ReferenceStandard,ChargeStandardRelationship,ElectricalStandardRelationship,
 MeasurementTraceability,MetrologicalTraceability,TraceabilityChain,Metrology,
 ElectricalMetrologyRelationship,ScientificMeasurement,TemperatureInfluence,
 HumidityInfluence,InsulationResistanceRelationship,LeakageRelationship,
 TriboelectricEffectRelationship,ElectrostaticInductionRelationship,
 ElectromagneticInterferenceRelationship,ShieldingRelationship,GuardingRelationship,
 GroundingRelationship,SIPrefix,MillicoulombRelationship,Microcoulomb,Nanocoulomb,
 PicocoulombRelationship,KilocoulombRelationship,UnitConversion,ConversionFactor,
 ExactConversion,UnitCompatibility,DimensionalCompatibility,QuantityCompatibility,
 Verification,Validation,UnitValidation,DimensionalValidation,ConversionValidation,
 ErrorAnalysis,Provenance,CoulombProvenance,SIDerivedUnitProvenance,
 SIUnitProvenance,MeasurementProvenance,CalibrationProvenance,StandardProvenance,
 BIPMrelationship,SIbrochureRelationship,VIMRelationship,GUMRelationship
 ]
 EXCLUDE_AS_PRIMARY=[CoulombAsPersonRelationship,CoulombsLawWhenElectrostaticForceIsPrimary,AmpereWhenCurrentIsPrimary,FaradWhenCapacitanceIsPrimary]
 DISAMBIGUATION_RULE="When coulomb or symbol C denotes the coherent SI derived unit of electric charge, interpret the context as the charge unit. Distinguish it from Charles-Augustin de Coulomb and Coulomb's law."
}
CORE_CONCEPTS {
 Coulomb="Coherent SI derived unit of electric charge, symbol C, equal to A s."
 ElectricCharge="Physical quantity characterising electromagnetic charge."
 ElectricChargeDimension="Derived physical dimension I T."
 ElectricCurrent="Rate of flow of electric charge."
 ElementaryCharge="Exact SI defining constant representing the magnitude of elementary charge."
 ConservationOfCharge="Principle that total electric charge is conserved in an isolated system."
 ChargeMeasurement="Measurement process assigning an electric-charge value."
}

RELATIONS {
 Coulomb--is_type_of-->SIDerivedUnit
 Coulomb--is_coherent_derived_unit_of-->ElectricCharge
 Coulomb--has_symbol-->C
 Coulomb--has_expression-->ampere_second
 Coulomb--is_derived_from-->Ampere
 Coulomb--is_derived_from-->Second
 ElectricCharge--has_dimension-->ElectricChargeDimension
 ElectricCurrent--is_rate_of-->ElectricChargeFlow
 ElectricCharge--for_constant_current_equals-->CurrentTimesTime
 ElectricCharge--generally_equals-->IntegralOfCurrentOverTime
 ElectricCharge--can_equal-->NumberOfElementaryChargesTimesElementaryCharge
 ConservationOfCharge--constrains-->ChargeTransfer
 CapacitorRelationship--stores-->ElectricCharge
 CoulometryRelationship--determines-->AmountByChargeMeasurement
 MeasurementTraceability--links-->ChargeMeasurementToSI
 Provenance--records-->CoulombDefinitionMeasurementAndCalibrationHistory
}
OPERATORS {
 COULOMB(value):=electric_charge_quantity(value,Coulomb)
 DIM(Coulomb):=ElectricChargeDimension
 CHARGE_CONSTANT_CURRENT(current,time):=current*time
 CHARGE_FROM_CURRENT(current_function,time_interval):=integral(current_function,time_interval)
 CURRENT_FROM_CHARGE(charge,time):=charge/time
 ELEMENTARY_CHARGE_COUNT(charge):=charge/ElementaryCharge
 CAPACITOR_CHARGE(capacitance,voltage):=capacitance*voltage
 PREFIX_COULOMB(prefix):=decimal_scaled_unit(Coulomb,prefix)
 CONVERT_CHARGE(value,source,target):=compatible_charge_conversion(value,source,target)
 TRACE_CHARGE(result):=traceability_chain_to_SI_coulomb(result)
}
AXIOMS {
 A1="The coulomb is the coherent SI derived unit of electric charge."
 A2="One coulomb equals one ampere second."
 A3="The canonical symbol is uppercase C."
 A4="Electric charge has derived dimension I T."
 A5="For constant current, charge equals current multiplied by elapsed time."
 A6="For varying current, transferred charge is the time integral of current."
 A7="Electric charge is conserved in an isolated system."
 A8="Charge can be related to integer multiples of elementary charge in particle contexts."
 A9="Charge measurement traceability requires documented electrical and time references."
}

REASONING {
 R1_CONTEXT=identify(charge_quantity,value,unit,current_history,physical_system,measurement_method_and_intended_use)
 R2_IDENTITY=resolve_coulomb_prefixed_coulomb_ampere_hour_elementary_charge_or_symbol_C_ambiguity)
 R3_QUANTITY=verify_quantity_kind_electric_charge_and_charge_transfer_semantics)
 R4_DIMENSION=verify_dimension_I_T)
 R5_DERIVATION=expand_coulomb_to_ampere_second)
 R6_EQUATION=choose_current_time_integration_capacitance_voltage_particle_count_or_valid_charge_relationship)
 R7_SCALE=if_prefixed_apply_exact_decimal_scaling)
 R8_MEASUREMENT=identify_current_integration_electrometer_coulometry_capacitor_or_other_method)
 R9_UNCERTAINTY=evaluate_current_reference_timebase_leakage_offset_capacitance_voltage_environment_resolution_and_repeatability)
 R10_PROVENANCE=record_unit_expression_quantity_kind_equation_method_reference_standard_calibration_and_traceability)
}
CONSTRAINTS {
 C1="The symbol C is case-sensitive."
 C2="Electric charge must not be conflated with electric current."
 C3="Q=I*t directly applies only when current is constant."
 C4="Time-varying current requires integration over time."
 C5="Ampere-hour is a unit of electric charge, not electric current."
 C6="Capacitor charge calculations require capacitance and potential-difference semantics."
 C7="Small-charge measurements can be affected by leakage, insulation, humidity and interference."
 C8="Instrument resolution alone does not determine total charge uncertainty."
 C9="Traceability requires a documented electrical-current and time or equivalent reference chain."
 C10="Coulomb unit semantics must be distinguished from Coulomb's law and the person after whom the unit is named."
}
SEMANTIC_EQUIVALENCE {
 "CoulombUnit"<=>"Coulomb"
 "InternationalSystemOfUnits"<=>"SI"
 "MetrologicalTraceability"<=>"MeasurementTraceability"
 "ElectricChargeQuantity"<=>"ElectricCharge"
}

VALIDATION {
 V1="Unit identity is coulomb and canonical symbol is C."
 V2="Quantity kind is electric charge."
 V3="Derived dimension is I T."
 V4="Coherent SI expression is A s."
 V5="Constant-current and varying-current equations are applied correctly."
 V6="Electric charge and electric current remain distinct."
 V7="Prefixed coulomb units use correct decimal scaling."
 V8="Conversions to ampere-hour or other charge units use declared definitions."
 V9="Measurement uncertainty includes relevant current, time, leakage, offset and environmental effects."
 V10="Charge calibration and traceability evidence are retained."
}
CONFIDENCE {
 BASE_CONFIDENCE=0.99
 COULOMB_DEFINITION=0.99
 ELECTRIC_CHARGE_REASONING=0.99
 DIMENSION_REASONING=0.99
 CURRENT_TIME_REASONING=0.99
 ELEMENTARY_CHARGE_REASONING=0.99
 CHARGE_MEASUREMENT_REASONING=0.98
 TRACEABILITY_REASONING=0.99
 POLICY="Reduce confidence when charge quantity, current history, time interval, leakage, measurement method, calibration status or traceability are underspecified."
}
AI_CONSUMPTION {
 PURPOSES=[SemanticSearch,OntologyGrounding,CoulombReasoning,SIDerivedUnitReasoning,ElectricChargeReasoning,CurrentTimeReasoning,ElementaryChargeReasoning,ChargeConservationReasoning,ElectrostaticsReasoning,CapacitanceReasoning,CoulometryReasoning,ChargeMeasurementReasoning,ElectricalMetrologyReasoning,CalibrationReasoning,DimensionalReasoning,UncertaintyReasoning,TraceabilityReasoning,KnowledgeGraphConstruction,RetrievalAugmentation,RecursiveInference]
 NORMALISE {
  "coulomb"->Coulomb
  "C"->Coulomb
  "mC"->Millicoulomb
  "uC"->Microcoulomb
  "nC"->Nanocoulomb
 }
}

EXECUTION_RULES {
 E1="If coulomb or C denotes the SI derived unit of electric charge, activate CoulombOntology."
 E2="Confirm quantity kind electric charge rather than relying only on symbol or dimension."
 E3="Map the coulomb coherently to A s."
 E4="Use Q=I*t only for constant current and integrate current otherwise."
 E5="Distinguish electric charge from current, capacitance, voltage and electrostatic force."
 E6="Apply SI prefixes as exact decimal scale transformations."
 E7="For particle contexts, preserve elementary-charge and charge-quantisation semantics."
 E8="For measurement contexts, evaluate leakage, insulation, timebase, current reference, environment, calibration and uncertainty."
 E9="Record electrical-reference, time-reference, calibration and traceability provenance."
}
RECURSION {
 ENTRY=Coulomb
 EXPAND(Coulomb)->[
 SIDerivedUnits,DerivedUnit,SIDerivedUnit,CoherentDerivedUnit,SIUnits,SIBaseUnits,
 Ampere,Second,ElectricCharge,ElectricChargeDimension,ElectricCurrent,Quantity,
 QuantityKind,Dimension,DimensionalSignature,Unit,UnitSymbol,CoulombDefinition,
 UnitExpression,UnitAlgebra,DimensionalAnalysis,ChargeFlowRelationship,
 ConservationOfCharge,ElementaryCharge,ElectronChargeRelationship,
 ProtonChargeRelationship,ElectrostaticsRelationship,ElectricFieldRelationship,
 ElectricPotentialRelationship,Voltage,Volt,Capacitance,Farad,CapacitorRelationship,
 ChargeDensityRelationship,CurrentDensityRelationship,ElectrochemistryRelationship,
 CoulometryRelationship,FaradayConstantRelationship,MoleRelationship,
 AmpereHourRelationship,ChargeMeasurement,CoulombmeterRelationship,
 ElectrometerRelationship,FaradayCupRelationship,MeasurementSystem,Measurement,
 MeasurementUncertainty,Calibration,ReferenceStandard,ChargeStandardRelationship,
 MeasurementTraceability,Metrology,LeakageCurrentRelationship,
 InsulationResistanceRelationship,HumidityInfluence,ShieldingRelationship,
 GuardingRelationship,SIPrefix,Microcoulomb,Nanocoulomb,UnitConversion,
 Verification,Validation,CoulombProvenance
 ]
 EXPAND(CoulombFamilies)->[
 CoulombIdentitySymbolQuantityAndDimension,
 AmpereSecondCurrentTimeAndChargeTransfer,
 ElementaryChargeParticlesAndChargeQuantisation,
 ElectrostaticsElectricFieldsPotentialAndChargeDensity,
 CapacitanceCapacitorsAndElectricalChargeStorage,
 ElectrochemistryCoulometryAndAmountRelationships,
 ChargeMeasurementLeakageUncertaintyCalibrationAndTraceability,
 ValidationConversionSemanticDisambiguationAndProvenance
 ]
 STOP_CONDITION="Stop when coulomb identity, electric-charge quantity, dimensional expression, charge relationship, measurement semantics, uncertainty and provenance are sufficiently resolved."
}

ROUTING {
 PARENT_ONTOLOGY="SI Derived Units"
 RELATED_ONTOLOGIES=[
 "SI Derived Units","Derived Units Ontology","SI Base Units","SI Units Ontology",
 "Ampere Ontology","Second Ontology","Quantity Ontology","Physical Quantity Ontology",
 "Dimension Ontology 2","Unit Ontology","Measurement Ontology",
 "Scientific Measurement Ontology 2","Metrology Ontology","Reference Standard Ontology",
 "Measurement System Ontology","Measurement Uncertainty Ontology",
 "Dimensional Analysis Ontology","Physics Ontology","Electromagnetism Ontology",
 "Chemistry Ontology","Verification & Validation"
 ]
 ROUTE_RULES=[
 "Coulomb -> SI Derived Units for parent derived-unit semantics",
 "Coulomb -> Derived Units Ontology for general derived-unit algebra",
 "Coulomb -> Ampere and Second ontologies for A s semantics",
 "Coulomb -> Quantity and Physical Quantity ontologies for electric-charge semantics",
 "Coulomb -> Dimension Ontology for I T dimensional structure",
 "Coulomb -> Physics and Electromagnetism for charge, field and potential semantics",
 "Coulomb -> Chemistry Ontology for electrochemistry and coulometry relationships",
 "Coulomb -> Measurement and Scientific Measurement for charge measurement",
 "Coulomb -> Metrology and Reference Standard for calibration and traceability",
 "Coulomb -> Measurement Uncertainty for uncertainty evaluation",
 "Coulomb -> Verification & Validation for charge, dimensional and semantic checks"
 ]
}
UPDATE_MODEL {
 MODE="append-compatible semantic versioning"
 MAJOR="ontology-breaking conceptual change"
 MINOR="new compatible charge, measurement or reasoning relationships"
 PATCH="clarification, metadata or formatting correction"
 RULES=[
 "Preserve coulomb-versus-electric-charge distinction.",
 "Preserve electric-charge-versus-electric-current distinction.",
 "Preserve constant-current-versus-time-varying-current reasoning.",
 "Preserve unit-versus-quantity distinction.",
 "Preserve charge-unit-versus-Coulombs-law distinction.",
 "Preserve dimensional-correctness-versus-quantity-meaning distinction.",
 "Preserve measurement-reference-versus-unit-definition distinction.",
 "Preserve machine-readable coulomb semantics."
 ]
}

OUTPUT {
 CANONICAL_DEFINITION="The coulomb, symbol C, is the coherent SI derived unit of electric charge and equals A s."
 QUANTITY_SUMMARY="Electric charge has derived dimension I T and is related to electric current through charge flow over time."
 CURRENT_SUMMARY="For constant current Q=I*t; for varying current, charge is obtained by integrating current over time."
 PARTICLE_SUMMARY="Charge can be related to elementary charge in particle and charge-quantisation contexts."
 ELECTRICAL_SUMMARY="Charge participates in electric-field, potential, capacitance, electrostatic and electrochemical relationships."
 MEASUREMENT_SUMMARY="Charge measurement can use current integration, electrometers, coulometry, capacitive methods and traceable electrical standards."
 UNCERTAINTY_SUMMARY="Precision charge measurement can require uncertainty contributions from current reference, timebase, leakage, offset, insulation, environment and calibration."
 VALIDATION_SUMMARY="Coulomb semantics should preserve unit identity, electric-charge quantity, dimension, current-time relationships, measurement uncertainty, traceability and provenance."
}
FLOW {
 INPUT
 -> detect_coulomb_context
 -> identify_charge_quantity_value_unit_current_history_physical_system_measurement_method_and_intended_use
 -> resolve_coulomb_prefixed_coulomb_ampere_hour_elementary_charge_or_symbol_C_ambiguity
 -> verify_quantity_kind_electric_charge_and_charge_transfer_semantics
 -> verify_dimension_I_T
 -> expand_coulomb_to_ampere_second
 -> choose_current_time_integration_capacitance_voltage_particle_count_or_valid_charge_relationship
 -> if_prefixed_apply_exact_decimal_scaling
 -> identify_current_integration_electrometer_coulometry_capacitor_or_other_method
 -> evaluate_current_reference_timebase_leakage_offset_capacitance_voltage_environment_resolution_and_repeatability
 -> record_unit_expression_quantity_kind_equation_method_reference_standard_calibration_and_traceability
 -> route_to_related_ontologies
 -> recursively_expand_required_dependencies
 -> verify_result
 -> assign_confidence
 -> produce_semantic_output
 -> END
}
FLOW_HASH {
 METHOD="semantic-content-identity"
 ID="KIRETH-MATH-MEASUREMENT-UNITS-SI-DERIVED-UNITS-COULOMB-ONTOLOGY-V1"
}
}
END_FLOW