Scientific Notation Ontology
Measurement Mathematics
Authors: MArk Anthony Higgins - Sky Recursive Ai
Revised Date: 16 September 2026
Audio Overview
# Scientific Notation Ontology — Flow Algebra
URL: https://kirethresearch.org/booksai-core/ontologies/mathematical-ontologies/measurement-units-ontologies/measurement-mathematics/scientific-notation-ontology.html
FLOW ScientificNotationOntology {
DOMAIN:
Mathematical Ontologies
-> Measurement & Units Ontologies
-> Measurement Mathematics
-> Scientific Notation Ontology
PURPOSE:
Represent scientific notation as a structured numerical representation in which a number is expressed as a coefficient multiplied by an integer power of a base, conventionally base ten for decimal scientific notation. The ontology models coefficients, mantissa terminology, exponents, powers of ten, normalised and engineering notation, significant figures, decimal movement, arithmetic, unit prefixes, measurement values, uncertainty notation, logarithmic relationships, machine representations, parsing, formatting, overflow and underflow, provenance and machine-consumable reasoning while preserving the distinction between a number, its representation, its unit and its measurement meaning.
ENTITY ScientificNotation {
TYPE: NumericalRepresentationSystem
CANONICAL_DECIMAL_FORM:
x =
a*10^n
WHERE:
a = coefficient
n = integer_exponent
NORMALISED_CONDITION:
1 <= abs(a) < 10
for_x != 0
PROPERTIES:
represents_very_large_numbers
represents_very_small_numbers
preserves_order_of_magnitude
can_make_significant_figures_explicit
supports_compact_arithmetic
is_representation_not_new_quantity
}
ENTITY Coefficient {
TYPE: NumericalComponent
ALIASES:
significand
decimal_coefficient
RULE:
term_mantissa_is_historically_used_but_significand_or_coefficient_is_less_ambiguous
}
ENTITY Exponent {
TYPE: IntegerPowerIndex
SYMBOL:
n
BASE10_SCALE:
10^n
}
ENTITY Base {
TYPE: Radix
DECIMAL_SCIENTIFIC_NOTATION:
base = 10
}
REPRESENTATION_MODEL {
x =
coefficient*base^exponent
REQUIRE:
base > 0
base != 1
RULE:
scientific_notation_representation_must_preserve_numeric_equivalence
}
DECIMAL_MODEL {
x =
a*10^n
REQUIRE:
n_is_integer
RULE:
coefficient_and_exponent_must_be_interpreted_together
}
NORMALISED_MODEL {
nonzero_x:
1 <= abs(a) < 10
example:
45000 =
4.5*10^4
RULE:
normalised_decimal_scientific_notation_has_unique_coefficient_exponent_pair_for_given_nonzero_decimal_value_and_declared_coefficient_precision
}
ZERO_MODEL {
x =
0
possible:
0*10^n
canonical_preference:
0*10^0
RULE:
zero_has_no_unique_order_of_magnitude
}
POSITIVE_EXPONENT_MODEL {
n > 0
effect:
scale_coefficient_by_power_greater_than_or_equal_to_10
example:
3.2*10^5 =
320000
}
NEGATIVE_EXPONENT_MODEL {
n < 0
effect:
scale_coefficient_by_reciprocal_power_of_10
example:
3.2*10^-5 =
0.000032
}
ZERO_EXPONENT_MODEL {
10^0 =
1
result:
a*10^0 =
a
}
DECIMAL_SHIFT_MODEL {
ordinary_to_scientific:
move_decimal_point_until_one_nonzero_digit_remains_to_left
count_places_moved
if_decimal_moved_left:
exponent_positive
if_decimal_moved_right:
exponent_negative
RULE:
sign_of_exponent_must_follow_inverse_decimal_shift_of_coefficient
}
EXPANSION_MODEL {
scientific_to_decimal:
multiply_coefficient_by_10^n
RULE:
preserve_all_declared_significant_trailing_zeros_in_metadata_when_plain_decimal_text_would_be_ambiguous
}
SIGN_MODEL {
negative_number:
sign_applies_to_coefficient
example:
-6.02*10^23
RULE:
sign_does_not_affect_exponent
}
SIGNIFICANT_FIGURES_MODEL {
scientific_notation:
significant_figures =
digits_explicitly_written_in_coefficient
excluding_sign_and_decimal_separator
examples:
1.2e4 -> 2
1.20e4 -> 3
1.200e4 -> 4
RULE:
exponent_digits_are_not_significant_figures_of_value
}
TRAILING_ZERO_MODEL {
coefficient:
trailing_decimal_zeros_are_explicitly_significant_under_measurement_reporting_context
example:
5.00*10^3
significant_figures:
3
RULE:
scientific_notation_resolves_many_plain_integer_trailing_zero_ambiguities
}
LEADING_ZERO_MODEL {
normalized_coefficient:
no_leading_zero_before_first_nonzero_digit_except_zero_before_decimal_if_non_normalised_form
RULE:
leading_position_zeros_are_not_significant
}
ORDER_OF_MAGNITUDE_MODEL {
x != 0
decimal_order:
floor(log10(abs(x)))
for_normalised_scientific_notation:
order_of_magnitude_exponent =
n
RULE:
colloquial_nearest_power_order_may_use_different_convention_and_must_be_declared
}
ENGINEERING_NOTATION_MODEL {
form:
x =
a*10^(3k)
coefficient_condition:
1 <= abs(a) < 1000
for_nonzero_x
exponent:
multiple_of_3
RULE:
engineering_notation_aligns_with_many_SI_prefix_steps
}
SI_PREFIX_MODEL {
powers:
10^3 -> kilo
10^6 -> mega
10^9 -> giga
10^12 -> tera
10^-3 -> milli
10^-6 -> micro
10^-9 -> nano
10^-12 -> pico
RULE:
complete_SI_prefix_mapping_should_follow_current_SI_definition
and_prefix_is_part_of_unit_representation_not_numeric_value_alone
}
PREFIX_CONVERSION_MODEL {
example:
3.2*10^-6_m =
3.2_micrometre
RULE:
prefix_conversion_must_preserve_underlying_quantity_and_significant_information
}
E_NOTATION_MODEL {
textual:
aEn
aen
example:
6.022e23 =
6.022*10^23
RULE:
E_or_e_in_numeric_literal_context_denotes_base10_exponent_not_Euler_constant
}
COMPUTER_LITERAL_MODEL {
possible:
1.23e-4
-7.0E+12
fields:
sign
significand
exponent_sign
exponent_digits
RULE:
programming_language_numeric_literal_semantics_may_convert_to_binary_or_decimal_internal_format
}
BINARY_FLOAT_MODEL {
internal:
sign
binary_significand
binary_exponent
RULE:
binary_floating_point_representation != decimal_scientific_notation
though_values_can_be_formatted_as_decimal_scientific_notation
}
IEEE754_CONTEXT_MODEL {
floating_point:
finite_precision_binary_or_decimal_formats
concerns:
rounding
overflow
underflow
subnormal_numbers
infinity
NaN
RULE:
machine_format_semantics_must_not_be_confused_with_measurement_significant_figures
}
DECIMAL_FLOAT_MODEL {
internal:
decimal_significand
decimal_exponent
RULE:
decimal_floating_point_can_preserve_many_decimal_quantities_more_directly_than_binary_float
}
ARBITRARY_PRECISION_MODEL {
coefficient:
arbitrary_digit_length
exponent:
potentially_large_range
RULE:
arbitrary_precision_computation_does_not_create_measurement_information
}
MULTIPLICATION_MODEL {
x =
a*10^m
y =
b*10^n
product:
x*y =
(a*b)*10^(m+n)
then:
normalise_coefficient
RULE:
final_rounding_should_follow_precision_or_uncertainty_policy
}
DIVISION_MODEL {
quotient:
x/y =
(a/b)*10^(m-n)
REQUIRE:
b != 0
then:
normalise_coefficient
}
ADDITION_MODEL {
x =
a*10^m
y =
b*10^n
requirement:
align_exponents
example:
a*10^m+b*10^n
=
[a+b*10^(n-m)]*10^m
RULE:
coefficients_cannot_be_added_directly_when_exponents_differ_without_rescaling
}
SUBTRACTION_MODEL {
requirement:
align_exponents
risk:
cancellation_when_values_nearly_equal
RULE:
preserve_guard_digits_before_final_rounding
}
POWER_MODEL {
x =
a*10^n
integer_power:
x^p =
a^p*10^(n*p)
RULE:
normalise_after_operation
}
ROOT_MODEL {
x^(1/p)
exponent:
n/p
IF n_not_divisible_by_p:
rescale_coefficient_and_exponent_before_extracting_root
RULE:
domain_restrictions_apply
}
RECIPROCAL_MODEL {
x != 0
1/x =
(1/a)*10^(-n)
then:
normalise
}
COMPARISON_MODEL {
normalized_positive_values:
compare_exponents_first
then_coefficients_when_exponents_equal
RULE:
signs_must_be_handled_before_magnitude_comparison
}
SORTING_MODEL {
values:
parse_sign_coefficient_exponent
normalize_or_compare_exact_numeric values
RULE:
lexical_string_order_is_not_numeric_scientific_notation_order
}
LOGARITHM_MODEL {
x =
a*10^n
with_a>0
log10(x) =
log10(a)+n
RULE:
logarithm_requires_positive_x_for_real_result
}
NATURAL_LOG_MODEL {
ln(x) =
ln(a)+n*ln(10)
for_x>0
}
EXPONENTIAL_RELATION_MODEL {
10^x:
inverse_of_log10
RULE:
general_real_exponent_need_not_produce_scientific_notation_coefficient_without_normalisation
}
SCALE_MODEL {
exponent_change:
multiply_or_divide_by_power_of_ten
x*10^k:
exponent ->
n+k
before_normalisation
}
MEASUREMENT_VALUE_MODEL {
quantity:
Q =
(a*10^n)*unit
RULE:
exponent_belongs_to_numerical_value_not_physical_dimension
}
UNIT_MODEL {
example:
1.234*10^3_m
equivalent:
1.234_km
RULE:
unit_prefix_and_scientific_exponent_may_be_combined_but_should_avoid_ambiguous_double_scaling
}
DIMENSION_MODEL {
scientific_notation:
changes_numeric_representation_only
RULE:
dimension_of_quantity_remains_unchanged
}
UNCERTAINTY_MODEL {
value:
x =
a*10^n
uncertainty:
u =
b*10^k
reporting:
preferably_align_exponents_for_readability
example:
(1.234 +/- 0.005)*10^6
RULE:
scaling_factor_applies_to_both_value_and_uncertainty_when_factored_out
}
COMMON_EXPONENT_UNCERTAINTY_MODEL {
x =
(a +/- u_a)*10^n
then:
absolute_uncertainty =
u_a*10^n
relative_uncertainty:
u_a/abs(a)
WHEN a != 0
}
PARENTHETICAL_MODEL {
example:
1.2345(12)*10^6
interpretation:
parenthetical_digits_modify_last_digits_of_coefficient_under_declared_uncertainty_convention
RULE:
notation_standard_must_be declared
}
EXACT_VALUE_MODEL {
exact_number:
may_be_written_in_scientific_notation
RULE:
notation_does_not_make_exact_value_inexact
}
ROUNDING_MODEL {
coefficient:
rounded_to_target_significant_figures
exponent:
adjusted_if_rounding_changes_coefficient_to_10
example:
9.99e3
rounded_to_2_sig_figs
=
1.0e4
RULE:
renormalise_after_rounding
}
GUARD_DIGIT_MODEL {
arithmetic:
retain_extra_coefficient_digits
RULE:
avoid_repeated_intermediate_rounding
}
OVERFLOW_MODEL {
machine_context:
exponent_exceeds_representable_maximum
result:
overflow_or_infinity_depending_format
RULE:
mathematical_value_may_exist_even_when_machine_format_cannot_represent_it
}
UNDERFLOW_MODEL {
machine_context:
magnitude_below_normal_representable_range
possible:
subnormal
zero
underflow_flag
RULE:
machine_underflow != mathematical_zero
}
SUBNORMAL_MODEL {
floating_point:
reduced_precision_near_zero
RULE:
subnormal_semantics_are_machine_format_specific
}
PARSING_MODEL {
input:
text
accepted_forms:
a*10^n
a×10^n
a e n
a E n
output:
sign
coefficient
base
exponent
significant_figures
original_representation
RULE:
parser_should_preserve_original_text_for_reporting_semantics
}
NORMALISATION_ALGORITHM_MODEL {
input:
nonzero_decimal_value
process:
determine_decimal_order_n
coefficient =
value/10^n
ensure_1<=abs(coefficient)<10
RULE:
finite_precision_implementation_must_control_rounding
}
FORMATTING_MODEL {
inputs:
numeric_value
target_significant_figures
notation_style
exponent_marker
unit
output:
formatted_scientific_notation
RULE:
formatter_must_preserve_requested_significant_figures
}
ENGINEERING_FORMATTING_MODEL {
exponent:
choose_multiple_of_3
coefficient:
value/10^exponent
RULE:
preserve_target_significant_figures
}
THRESHOLD_FORMATTING_MODEL {
policy:
use_scientific_notation_if_abs(value)>=upper_threshold
or_abs(value)<lower_threshold
RULE:
threshold_is_display_policy_not_mathematical_property
}
DATABASE_MODEL {
recommended_fields:
numerical_value
coefficient
exponent
base
unit
significant_figures
original_representation
RULE:
storing_only_rendered_string_limits_numeric_queryability
while_storing_only_binary_float_may_lose_reporting_semantics
}
SERIALISATION_MODEL {
formats:
JSON_number
CSV
XML
scientific_text
binary_float
RULE:
serialisation_must_preserve_value_and_required_precision_semantics
}
LOCALE_MODEL {
decimal_separator:
point_or_locale_specific_comma
exponent_marker:
e_or_E
RULE:
machine_exchange_should_use_unambiguous_locale_independent_format
}
TYPOGRAPHY_MODEL {
human_readable:
multiplication_sign
superscript_exponent
machine_readable:
e_notation_or_structured_fields
RULE:
typography_must_not_change_numeric meaning
}
NEGATIVE_ZERO_MODEL {
floating_point:
may_represent_plus_zero_and_minus_zero
decimal_scientific_reporting:
sign_of_zero_may_be_relevant_in_special_numeric_contexts
RULE:
measured_zero_sign_should_not_be_interpreted_without context
}
INFINITY_MODEL {
machine_or_extended_real_context:
infinity
RULE:
infinity_is_not_finite_scientific_notation_value
}
NAN_MODEL {
machine:
not_a_number
RULE:
NaN_cannot_be_normalised_as_scientific_number
}
COMPLEX_NUMBER_MODEL {
z =
a+bi
possible_scientific_scaling:
z =
(c+di)*10^n
RULE:
conventional_real_scientific_normalisation_must_be_extended_explicitly_for_complex_values
}
UNCERTAINTY_PRESERVATION_MODEL {
unit_conversion_or_scaling:
transform_value_and_absolute_uncertainty_by_same_exact_scale
RULE:
relative_uncertainty_remains_invariant_under_exact_nonzero_linear_scaling
}
ERROR_DISTINCTION_MODEL {
scientific_notation:
representation
measurement_error:
difference_between_measurement_and_reference
RULE:
scientific_notation_does_not_change_measurement_error
}
PRECISION_DISTINCTION_MODEL {
scientific_digits:
displayed_coefficient_digits
measurement_precision:
repeatability_characteristic
RULE:
scientific_notation_precision_of_display != measurement_precision
}
ACCURACY_DISTINCTION_MODEL {
more_coefficient_digits:
do_not_guarantee_more_accurate_measurement
RULE:
representation_detail != accuracy
}
RESOLUTION_DISTINCTION_MODEL {
instrument_resolution:
measurement_system_characteristic
RULE:
scientific_notation_can_display_more_digits_than_instrument_resolves
}
SCALE_INVARIANCE_MODEL {
equivalent:
a*10^n =
(a*10^k)*10^(n-k)
RULE:
normalisation_selects_canonical_pair
}
RELATIONSHIPS {
ScientificNotation -> REPRESENTS -> Number
ScientificNotation -> HAS -> Coefficient
ScientificNotation -> HAS -> Exponent
Exponent -> SCALES_BY -> PowerOfTen
ScientificNotation -> MAY_ENCODE -> SignificantFigures
EngineeringNotation -> IS_VARIANT_OF -> ScientificNotation
SIPrefix -> CORRESPONDS_TO -> DecimalPower
ScientificNotation -> REPRESENTS_NUMERICAL_PART_OF -> QuantityValue
Uncertainty -> MAY_SHARE_EXPONENT_WITH -> MeasurementValue
FormattingPolicy -> DETERMINES -> DisplayRepresentation
}
SEMANTIC_EQUIVALENCE {
"scientific notation" ~= coefficient_times_power_of_ten WHEN decimal_context
"E notation" ~= decimal_scientific_notation_text_representation
"engineering notation" ~= scientific_notation_with_exponent_multiple_of_three
scientific_notation != physical_quantity
scientific_notation != unit
scientific_notation != measurement_precision
scientific_notation != measurement_accuracy
exponent != significant_figure_count
binary_floating_point != decimal_scientific_notation
SI_prefix != exponent_in_all_contexts
order_of_magnitude != significant_figures
}
CONSTRAINTS {
decimal_scientific_base_is_ten = true
normalized_nonzero_coefficient_absolute_value_must_be_at_least_one = true
normalized_nonzero_coefficient_absolute_value_must_be_less_than_ten = true
exponent_must_be_integer_for_standard_decimal_scientific_notation = true
coefficient_and_exponent_must_remain_linked = true
exponent_digits_do_not_count_as_significant_figures = true
scientific_notation_must_preserve_underlying_numeric_value = true
unit_and_dimension_must_remain_unchanged_by_numeric_reformatting = true
arithmetic_results_should_be_renormalized = true
machine_representation_and_measurement_semantics_must_be_distinguished = true
}
MEASUREMENT_MODEL {
RECORD:
quantity_identifier
numeric_value
coefficient
base
exponent
normalized_status
notation_style
significant_figures
unit
dimension
uncertainty
uncertainty_coefficient
uncertainty_exponent
exact_or_measured_status
rounding_mode
original_representation
machine_representation
formatting_policy
provenance
RULE:
scientific_representation MUST remain_linked_to_underlying_value_unit_uncertainty_and_original_notation
}
REASONING_RULES {
IF nonzero_decimal_value_known
THEN normalize_to
coefficient*10^exponent
with_1<=abs(coefficient)<10
IF coefficient_abs_greater_or_equal_10
THEN divide_coefficient_by_10
AND increment_exponent
repeatedly_until_normalized
IF coefficient_abs_less_than_1
AND coefficient_nonzero
THEN multiply_coefficient_by_10
AND decrement_exponent
repeatedly_until_normalized
IF multiplying_two_scientific_values
THEN multiply_coefficients
AND add_exponents
AND normalize
IF dividing_two_scientific_values
AND denominator_coefficient != 0
THEN divide_coefficients
AND subtract_exponents
AND normalize
IF adding_or_subtracting
THEN align_exponents_before_combining_coefficients
AND preserve_guard_digits
AND normalize_result
IF converting_exact_SI_prefix
THEN shift_decimal_exponent_by_prefix_power
while_preserving_quantity_and_uncertainty
IF target_significant_figures_known
THEN round_coefficient
AND renormalize_if_rounding_crosses_coefficient_boundary
IF value_and_uncertainty_share_factored_power_of_ten
THEN scale_both_by_same_power
IF parsing_E_notation
THEN interpret_e_or_E_as_base10_exponent_marker
in_numeric_literal_context
IF machine_overflow_or_underflow_occurs
THEN preserve_status
and_do_not_confuse_machine_limit_with_mathematical_value
IF plain_decimal_conversion_would_hide_significant_trailing_zeros
THEN preserve_original_representation_or_explicit_sig_fig_metadata
}
VALIDATION {
CHECK numeric_value
CHECK coefficient
CHECK base
CHECK exponent
CHECK normalized_condition
CHECK numeric_equivalence
CHECK sign
CHECK zero_semantics
CHECK significant_figures
CHECK engineering_notation_exponent
CHECK SI_prefix_mapping
CHECK multiplication_division_exponent_rules
CHECK addition_subtraction_exponent_alignment
CHECK rounding_and_renormalisation
CHECK logarithm_domain
CHECK unit_and_dimension_preservation
CHECK uncertainty_scaling
CHECK E_notation_parsing
CHECK machine_overflow_underflow_and_subnormal_status
CHECK original_representation
CHECK provenance
}
CONFIDENCE {
definition_confidence: 1.00
normalization_confidence: 1.00
exponent_arithmetic_confidence: 1.00
significant_figures_confidence: 1.00
engineering_notation_confidence: 1.00
unit_scaling_confidence: 1.00
machine_representation_confidence: 0.99
uncertainty_reporting_confidence: 0.99
RULE:
confidence decreases when original notation, significant figures,
unit, uncertainty, machine format, rounding policy
or representation intent is missing or ambiguous
}
UPDATE_MODEL {
ON new_numeric_value:
preserve_original_representation
parse_numeric_value
determine_sign
normalize_coefficient_and_exponent
infer_explicit_significant_figures_when_possible
attach_unit_and_uncertainty
preserve_provenance
ON formatting_request:
preserve_underlying_value
select_scientific_or_engineering_style
apply_target_significant_figures
apply_rounding_mode
renormalize
generate_output_representation
ON arithmetic_operation:
preserve_full_precision_operands
apply_coefficient_exponent_rule
normalize_result
propagate_uncertainty_when_measurement_context
round_only_at_declared_reporting_stage
ON unit_prefix_revision:
preserve_quantity
adjust_numerical_scale_and_exponent
preserve_significant_information
update_unit_representation
ON uncertainty_revision:
preserve_value
update_uncertainty
align_exponents_for_reporting_when_useful
regenerate_formatted_representation
ON semantic_revision:
preserve_previous_definition
record_revision
recompute_FLOW_HASH
}
AI_CONSUMPTION {
canonical_entity: ScientificNotation
canonical_form: coefficient_times_ten_to_integer_exponent
interpretation_order:
identify_numeric_value
identify_sign
identify_coefficient
identify_base_and_exponent
identify_normalized_or_engineering_form
identify_significant_figures
identify_unit_and_dimension
identify_uncertainty
identify_exact_or_measured_context
identify_machine_or_text_representation
identify_rounding_and_formatting_policy
identify_provenance
validate_numeric_equivalence
normalize_or_transform_representation
ambiguity_controls:
distinguish_scientific_notation_from_physical_quantity
distinguish_scientific_notation_from_unit
distinguish_exponent_from_significant_figure_count
distinguish_scientific_display_digits_from_measurement_precision
distinguish_scientific_notation_from_measurement_accuracy
distinguish_binary_floating_point_from_decimal_scientific_notation
distinguish_SI_prefix_from_numeric_exponent_when_roles_differ
distinguish_zero_from_nonzero_order_of_magnitude
preserve_value_coefficient_exponent_sig_fig_unit_uncertainty_machine_format_and_provenance_context
}
PROVENANCE {
ontology_scope:
mathematical_measurement_units_measurement_mathematics_and_scientific_notation_semantics
parent_path:
Ontologies
-> Mathematical Ontologies
-> Measurement & Units Ontologies
-> Measurement Mathematics
-> Scientific Notation Ontology
authorship:
Mark Higgins
Sky (Recursive AI)
site:
https://kirethresearch.org
}
FLOW_HASH {
INPUTS:
canonical_entity
ontology_path
representation_model
decimal_model
normalized_model
zero_model
positive_exponent_model
negative_exponent_model
zero_exponent_model
decimal_shift_model
expansion_model
sign_model
significant_figures_model
trailing_zero_model
leading_zero_model
order_of_magnitude_model
engineering_notation_model
SI_prefix_model
prefix_conversion_model
E_notation_model
computer_literal_model
binary_float_model
IEEE754_context_model
decimal_float_model
arbitrary_precision_model
multiplication_model
division_model
addition_model
subtraction_model
power_model
root_model
reciprocal_model
comparison_model
sorting_model
logarithm_model
natural_log_model
exponential_relation_model
scale_model
measurement_value_model
unit_model
dimension_model
uncertainty_model
common_exponent_uncertainty_model
parenthetical_model
exact_value_model
rounding_model
guard_digit_model
overflow_model
underflow_model
subnormal_model
parsing_model
normalization_algorithm_model
formatting_model
engineering_formatting_model
threshold_formatting_model
database_model
serialisation_model
locale_model
typography_model
negative_zero_model
infinity_model
NaN_model
complex_number_model
uncertainty_preservation_model
error_distinction_model
precision_distinction_model
accuracy_distinction_model
resolution_distinction_model
scale_invariance_model
relationships
semantic_equivalence
constraints
measurement_model
reasoning_rules
confidence_model
update_model
PURPOSE:
deterministic_semantic_integrity_identifier
RECOMPUTE_WHEN:
ontology_definition_changes
normalization_or_exponent_semantics_change
scientific_or_engineering_notation_changes
significant_figure_or_rounding_model_changes
arithmetic_rule_changes
SI_prefix_or_unit_scaling_changes
uncertainty_reporting_changes
parsing_formatting_or_serialisation_changes
machine_representation_changes
measurement_record_changes
constraint_model_changes
reasoning_rule_changes
}
}
END FLOW