Mass Ontology

AI INTERPRETATION NOTE
This Flow Algebra defines the Mass Ontology within the Kireth Research Semantic Library. Mass is an SI base quantity with dimension M and coherent SI base unit kilogram, symbol kg. It formalises mass, inertia, gravitation, density and mechanical relationships while distinguishing mass from weight, force, amount of substance and energy.

FLOW_ALGEBRA_RECORD {
METADATA {
 FLOW_NAME="Mass Ontology"
 FLOW_TYPE="Mathematical Ontology"
 DOMAIN="Mathematics"
 SUBDOMAIN="Measurement & Units"
 SPECIALISATION="Fundamental Physical Quantities / Mass"
 CANONICAL_PAGE="https://kirethresearch.org/booksai-core/ontologies/mathematical-ontologies/measurement-units-ontologies/fundamental-physical-quantities/mass-ontology.html"
 LANGUAGE="en-GB"
 VERSION="1.0"
 STATUS="active"
}
IDENTITY {
 PRIMARY_ENTITY=Mass
 ENTITY_CLASS=SIBasePhysicalQuantityFramework
 PRIMARY_CONTEXT=FundamentalPhysicalQuantities
 DEFINITION="Mass is a fundamental physical quantity associated with inertia and the mass content of a physical system. Its SI base dimension is M and its coherent SI base unit is the kilogram, symbol kg."
 SYMBOLIC_FORMS=["dim(mass)=M","SI_unit(mass)=kg","F=m a","p=m v under classical assumptions","E0=m c^2"]
 SEMANTIC_ROLE="Machine-readable semantics for mass, inertia, gravitation, mechanics, relativity, material quantities, measurement, uncertainty and traceability."
}
SCOPE {
 INCLUDE=[
 Mass,MassQuantity,FundamentalPhysicalQuantity,BaseQuantity,PhysicalQuantity,
 Quantity,QuantityKind,QuantityValue,SI,InternationalSystemOfQuantities,
 BaseDimension,MassDimension,Dimension,Kilogram,SIBaseUnit,MeasurementUnit,Unit,
 UnitSymbol,Inertia,InertialMassRelationship,GravitationalMassRelationship,
 RestMassRelationship,InvariantMassRelationship,MatterRelationship,BodyRelationship,
 SystemRelationship,ParticleRelationship,CompositeSystemRelationship,
 MassDistributionRelationship,PointMassRelationship,ContinuousMassDistributionRelationship,
 CentreOfMassRelationship,MassDensity,Density,SurfaceMassDensityRelationship,
 LinearMassDensityRelationship,SpecificVolumeRelationship,MolarMassRelationship,
 AtomicMassRelationship,MolecularMassRelationship,RelativeAtomicMassRelationship,
 AtomicMassConstantRelationship,DaltonRelationship,AmountOfSubstanceRelationship,
 MoleRelationship,AvogadroConstantRelationship,MassFractionRelationship,
 MassConcentrationRelationship,MassFlowRateRelationship,ConservationOfMassRelationship,
 MassBalanceRelationship,Momentum,AngularMomentumRelationship,Force,NewtonRelationship,
 Acceleration,Velocity,Length,Time,Weight,WeightForceRelationship,
 GravitationalFieldRelationship,GravitationalAccelerationRelationship,
 NewtonianGravityRelationship,GravitationalPotentialRelationship,
 UniversalGravitationalConstantRelationship,EquivalencePrincipleRelationship,
 GeneralRelativityRelationship,SpecialRelativityRelationship,Energy,JouleRelationship,
 RestEnergyRelationship,MassEnergyEquivalenceRelationship,FourMomentumRelationship,
 BindingEnergyRelationship,MassDefectRelationship,NuclearMassRelationship,
 ParticleMassRelationship,EffectiveMassRelationship,ReducedMassRelationship,
 MomentOfInertiaRelationship,KineticEnergyRelationship,Volume,Area,Metre,Second,
 DimensionalAnalysis,DimensionalHomogeneity,UnitConversion,Prefix,SIPrefix,
 Gram,Milligram,MicrogramRelationship,NanogramRelationship,Tonne,
 PoundMassRelationship,OunceRelationship,StoneRelationship,CaratRelationship,
 AtomicMassUnitRelationship,ElectronvoltPerC2Relationship,MassMeasurement,
 WeighingRelationship,MassComparisonRelationship,DirectMassMeasurementRelationship,
 IndirectMassMeasurementRelationship,BalanceRelationship,AnalyticalBalanceRelationship,
 PrecisionBalanceRelationship,ElectronicBalanceRelationship,MassComparatorRelationship,
 KibbleBalanceRelationship,InertialBalanceRelationship,MassSpectrometryRelationship,
 TimeOfFlightMassSpectrometryRelationship,GravimetricMeasurementRelationship,
 ReferenceMassRelationship,MassStandardRelationship,MeasurementSystem,Measurand,
 Measurement,MeasurementMethod,MeasurementProcedure,MeasurementModel,
 MeasurementResult,MeasurementUncertainty,Accuracy,Precision,Resolution,
 Repeatability,Reproducibility,Calibration,MassCalibrationRelationship,
 BalanceCalibrationRelationship,ReferenceStandard,PrimaryStandard,SecondaryStandard,
 KilogramRealisationRelationship,PlanckConstantRelationship,MeasurementTraceability,
 MetrologicalTraceability,TraceabilityChain,Metrology,MassMetrologyRelationship,
 TemperatureInfluence,ThermalExpansionRelationship,AirDensityRelationship,
 AirBuoyancyRelationship,BuoyancyCorrectionRelationship,PressureInfluenceRelationship,
 HumidityInfluence,LocalGravityRelationship,GravitationalCorrectionRelationship,
 MagneticInfluenceRelationship,ElectrostaticInfluenceRelationship,VibrationRelationship,
 ConvectionRelationship,AdsorptionRelationship,SurfaceContaminationRelationship,
 BalanceEccentricityRelationship,DriftRelationship,ZeroErrorRelationship,
 ResolutionErrorRelationship,UncertaintyPropagation,Verification,Validation,
 ErrorAnalysis,Provenance,MassProvenance,QuantityProvenance,UnitProvenance,
 MeasurementProvenance,CalibrationProvenance,BIPMrelationship,
 SIbrochureRelationship,VIMRelationship,GUMRelationship
 ]
 EXCLUDE_AS_PRIMARY=[WeightWhenForceIsPrimary,AmountOfSubstanceWhenChemicalAmountIsPrimary,EnergyWhenEnergyQuantityIsPrimary,DensityWhenMassPerVolumeIsPrimary]
 DISAMBIGUATION_RULE="Interpret mass as the scalar physical quantity with base dimension M. Distinguish it from weight, amount of substance, density and energy."
}
CORE_CONCEPTS {
 Mass="Fundamental physical quantity associated with inertia and physical-system mass content."
 MassDimension="Base physical dimension M."
 Kilogram="Coherent SI base unit of mass, symbol kg."
 InertialMassRelationship="Mass as proportionality between force and acceleration in classical mechanics."
 GravitationalMassRelationship="Mass participating in gravitational interaction."
 InvariantMassRelationship="Lorentz-invariant mass associated with a system's energy-momentum relation."
 Weight="Gravitational force acting on a body, distinct from mass."
}
BASE_QUANTITY {
 QUANTITY=Mass
 DIMENSION=M
 SI_BASE_UNIT=Kilogram
 UNIT_SYMBOL=kg
 STATUS="SI base quantity"
}
RELATIONS {
 Mass--is_type_of-->FundamentalPhysicalQuantity
 Mass--is_base_quantity_in-->InternationalSystemOfQuantities
 Mass--has_dimension-->MassDimension
 Mass--has_SI_base_unit-->Kilogram
 Kilogram--has_symbol-->kg
 InertialMassRelationship--relates-->ForceAndAcceleration
 GravitationalMassRelationship--participates_in-->GravitationalInteraction
 Weight--is_type_of-->Force
 Weight--depends_on-->MassAndGravitationalAcceleration
 Density--depends_on-->MassAndVolume
 Momentum--depends_on-->MassAndVelocity
 RestEnergyRelationship--depends_on-->InvariantMassAndSpeedOfLight
 MolarMassRelationship--relates-->MassAndAmountOfSubstance
 MeasurementTraceability--links-->MassMeasurementToSI
}
OPERATORS {
 MASS(value,unit):=mass_quantity(value,unit)
 DIM(Mass):=M
 WEIGHT(mass,g):=mass*g
 DENSITY(mass,volume):=mass/volume
 MASS_FROM_DENSITY(density,volume):=density*volume
 MOMENTUM_CLASSICAL(mass,velocity):=mass*velocity
 KINETIC_ENERGY_CLASSICAL(mass,velocity):=0.5*mass*velocity^2
 REST_ENERGY(invariant_mass):=invariant_mass*c^2
 MOLAR_MASS(mass,amount):=mass/amount
 MASS_FLOW_RATE(mass,time):=mass/time
 PREFIX_GRAM(prefix):=decimal_scaled_unit(Gram,prefix)
 CONVERT_MASS(value,source,target):=compatible_mass_conversion(value,source,target)
 TRACE_MASS(result):=traceability_chain_to_SI_kilogram(result)
}
AXIOMS {
 A1="Mass is an SI base quantity."
 A2="The base dimension of mass is M."
 A3="The coherent SI base unit of mass is the kilogram, symbol kg."
 A4="Mass is distinct from its numerical value and unit."
 A5="Mass and weight are distinct quantities; weight is a force."
 A6="In classical mechanics inertial mass relates net force to acceleration."
 A7="Mass density is mass per unit volume and is derived."
 A8="Invariant mass participates in the relativistic energy-momentum relation."
 A9="The kilogram is defined within the SI defining-constant framework using the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant."
 A10="High-accuracy mass metrology requires calibration, uncertainty and traceability."
}
REASONING {
 R1=identify(mass_quantity,value,unit,object_or_system,physical_regime,gravitational_context,measurement_method)
 R2=distinguish_mass_weight_density_amount_of_substance_energy_molar_mass_or_related_quantity)
 R3=verify_base_dimension_M)
 R4=resolve_kilogram_gram_prefixed_mass_nonSI_mass_unit_and_conversion)
 R5=identify_classical_relativistic_atomic_nuclear_material_or_gravitational_context)
 R6=choose_inertia_gravity_density_momentum_energy_molar_mass_or_mass_balance_relationship)
 R7=identify_balance_comparator_Kibble_balance_inertial_spectrometric_or_indirect_method)
 R8=evaluate_air_buoyancy_temperature_pressure_humidity_local_gravity_magnetic_electrostatic_vibration_and_contamination_effects)
 R9=evaluate_reference_mass_balance_resolution_repeatability_buoyancy_environment_calibration_and_correlation)
 R10=record_quantity_definition_unit_regime_method_standard_calibration_traceability_and_provenance)
}
CONSTRAINTS {
 C1="Mass must not be conflated with weight."
 C2="Kilogram is a unit of mass, not force."
 C3="Mass must not be conflated with amount of substance."
 C4="Density must retain mass-per-volume semantics."
 C5="Mass-energy equivalence does not make mass and energy the same quantity kind."
 C6="Classical momentum and kinetic-energy equations require non-relativistic assumptions."
 C7="Relativistic contexts should use invariant mass rather than obsolete relativistic-mass terminology."
 C8="Precision weighing can require air-buoyancy and local-gravity considerations."
 C9="Instrument resolution alone does not determine total mass uncertainty."
 C10="Traceability to the kilogram requires a documented realisation or calibration chain."
}
SEMANTIC_EQUIVALENCE {
 "MassQuantity"<=>"Mass"
 "MassDimension"<=>"BaseDimensionM"
 "SIUnitOfMass"<=>"Kilogram"
 "InternationalSystemOfUnits"<=>"SI"
 "MetrologicalTraceability"<=>"MeasurementTraceability"
}
VALIDATION {
 V1="Quantity identity is mass or an explicitly compatible mass quantity."
 V2="Base dimension is M."
 V3="Coherent SI base unit is kilogram with symbol kg."
 V4="Mass and weight semantics remain distinct."
 V5="Mass, density, amount of substance and energy remain distinct."
 V6="Classical or relativistic equations are applied only in appropriate regimes."
 V7="Unit conversion preserves mass quantity kind and scale."
 V8="Environmental and buoyancy corrections are applied where significant."
 V9="Measurement uncertainty includes reference, balance, environment and calibration effects."
 V10="Mass calibration and traceability evidence are retained."
}
CONFIDENCE {
 BASE_CONFIDENCE=0.99
 MASS_DEFINITION=0.99
 BASE_DIMENSION_REASONING=0.99
 KILOGRAM_UNIT_REASONING=0.99
 MECHANICS_REASONING=0.99
 RELATIVITY_REASONING=0.98
 MASS_MEASUREMENT_REASONING=0.98
 TRACEABILITY_REASONING=0.99
 POLICY="Reduce confidence when physical regime, gravitational context, environmental conditions, method, calibration or traceability are underspecified."
}
AI_CONSUMPTION {
 PURPOSES=[SemanticSearch,OntologyGrounding,MassReasoning,FundamentalQuantityReasoning,BaseQuantityReasoning,MechanicsReasoning,InertiaReasoning,GravityReasoning,RelativityReasoning,DensityReasoning,DimensionalReasoning,KilogramReasoning,UnitConversionReasoning,MassMeasurementReasoning,MassMetrologyReasoning,CalibrationReasoning,UncertaintyReasoning,TraceabilityReasoning,KnowledgeGraphConstruction,RecursiveInference]
 NORMALISE {
  "mass"->Mass
  "kilogram"->Kilogram
  "kg"->Kilogram
  "gram"->Gram
  "g"->Gram
  "mg"->Milligram
  "tonne"->Tonne
 }
}
EXECUTION_RULES {
 E1="Activate MassOntology when reasoning concerns mass as a fundamental physical quantity."
 E2="Distinguish mass from weight, density, amount of substance and energy."
 E3="Map mass to base dimension M and SI base unit kilogram."
 E4="Select classical, relativistic, atomic, nuclear or material relationships according to context."
 E5="Apply compatible mass-unit conversions with correct scaling."
 E6="For precision measurement, evaluate buoyancy, local gravity, environment, contamination and instrument effects."
 E7="Preserve measurement method, calibration, uncertainty and traceability."
 E8="Route density, momentum, energy, molar mass and mass-flow quantities when they become primary."
 E9="Record quantity, unit, physical regime, measurement and provenance information."
}
RECURSION {
 ENTRY=Mass
 EXPAND(Mass)->[
 FundamentalPhysicalQuantities,PhysicalQuantity,BaseQuantity,MassDimension,
 Kilogram,SIBaseUnits,Quantity,QuantityKind,QuantityValue,Unit,Dimension,
 Inertia,InertialMassRelationship,GravitationalMassRelationship,
 InvariantMassRelationship,MatterRelationship,MassDistributionRelationship,
 CentreOfMassRelationship,Density,Volume,MolarMassRelationship,
 AmountOfSubstanceRelationship,Momentum,Force,Acceleration,Velocity,Weight,
 GravitationalAccelerationRelationship,NewtonianGravityRelationship,
 EquivalencePrincipleRelationship,SpecialRelativityRelationship,
 GeneralRelativityRelationship,Energy,RestEnergyRelationship,
 MassEnergyEquivalenceRelationship,BindingEnergyRelationship,
 MomentOfInertiaRelationship,DimensionalAnalysis,UnitConversion,Gram,
 Milligram,Tonne,AtomicMassUnitRelationship,MassMeasurement,
 BalanceRelationship,AnalyticalBalanceRelationship,MassComparatorRelationship,
 KibbleBalanceRelationship,MassSpectrometryRelationship,MeasurementUncertainty,
 Calibration,MassStandardRelationship,KilogramRealisationRelationship,
 PlanckConstantRelationship,MeasurementTraceability,MassMetrologyRelationship,
 AirBuoyancyRelationship,LocalGravityRelationship,TemperatureInfluence,
 SurfaceContaminationRelationship,Verification,Validation,MassProvenance
 ]
 EXPAND(MassFamilies)->[
 MassIdentityBaseQuantityDimensionAndKilogram,
 InertialGravitationalAndInvariantMass,
 MassDistributionCentreOfMassDensityAndMaterialQuantities,
 ForceMomentumEnergyAndClassicalMechanicalRelationships,
 RelativityMassEnergyFourMomentumAndBindingEnergy,
 MolarAtomicMolecularAndParticleMassRelationships,
 BalancesComparatorsKibbleBalanceAndMassSpectrometry,
 EnvironmentalCorrectionsUncertaintyCalibrationTraceabilityAndProvenance
 ]
 STOP_CONDITION="Stop when mass identity, dimension, unit, physical regime, measurement uncertainty and provenance are resolved."
}
ROUTING {
 PARENT_ONTOLOGY="Fundamental Physical Quantities"
 RELATED_ONTOLOGIES=["Fundamental Physical Quantities","SI Base Units","Kilogram Ontology","Quantity Ontology","Physical Quantity Ontology","Dimension Ontology 2","Unit Ontology","Measurement Ontology","Metrology Ontology","Reference Standard Ontology","Measurement Uncertainty Ontology","Physics Ontology","Mechanics Ontology","Relativity Ontology","Chemistry Ontology","Verification & Validation"]
 ROUTE_RULES=[
 "Mass -> Fundamental Physical Quantities for base-quantity semantics",
 "Mass -> Kilogram Ontology for SI base-unit definition and realisation",
 "Mass -> Quantity and Dimension ontologies for quantity-kind and dimension semantics",
 "Mass -> Mechanics for inertia, force, momentum and weight relationships",
 "Mass -> Relativity for invariant mass and mass-energy relationships",
 "Mass -> Chemistry for molar, atomic and molecular mass relationships",
 "Mass -> Measurement and Metrology for mass measurement, calibration and traceability"
 ]
}
UPDATE_MODEL {
 MODE="append-compatible semantic versioning"
 MAJOR="ontology-breaking conceptual change"
 MINOR="new compatible mechanical, relativistic, material or measurement relationships"
 PATCH="clarification, metadata or formatting correction"
 RULES=["Preserve mass-versus-unit distinction.","Preserve mass-versus-weight distinction.","Preserve mass-versus-density distinction.","Preserve mass-versus-amount-of-substance distinction.","Preserve mass-versus-energy quantity-kind distinction.","Preserve classical-versus-relativistic assumptions.","Preserve machine-readable mass semantics."]
}
OUTPUT {
 CANONICAL_DEFINITION="Mass is a fundamental physical quantity with base dimension M and coherent SI base unit kilogram, symbol kg."
 MECHANICS_SUMMARY="Mass participates in inertia, momentum, force and kinetic-energy relationships."
 GRAVITY_SUMMARY="Mass participates in gravitational interaction, while weight is the gravitational force acting on a mass."
 RELATIVITY_SUMMARY="Invariant mass participates in relativistic energy-momentum relationships and mass-energy equivalence."
 MATERIAL_SUMMARY="Density, molar mass, mass concentration and mass flow are derived quantities involving mass."
 MEASUREMENT_SUMMARY="Mass can be measured using balances, mass comparators, Kibble-balance realisations, inertial methods and mass spectrometry."
 UNCERTAINTY_SUMMARY="Precision mass measurement can require corrections for air buoyancy, local gravity, temperature, contamination, vibration and calibration."
}
FLOW {
 INPUT
 -> detect_mass_context
 -> identify_mass_quantity_value_unit_object_system_physical_regime_gravitational_context_and_method
 -> distinguish_mass_weight_density_amount_of_substance_energy_molar_mass_or_related_quantity
 -> verify_base_dimension_M
 -> resolve_kilogram_gram_prefixed_mass_nonSI_mass_unit_and_conversion
 -> identify_classical_relativistic_atomic_nuclear_material_or_gravitational_context
 -> choose_inertia_gravity_density_momentum_energy_molar_mass_or_mass_balance_relationship
 -> identify_mass_measurement_method
 -> evaluate_air_buoyancy_temperature_pressure_humidity_local_gravity_vibration_and_contamination
 -> evaluate_measurement_uncertainty
 -> record_quantity_unit_regime_standard_calibration_traceability_and_provenance
 -> route_to_related_ontologies
 -> recursively_expand_required_dependencies
 -> verify_result
 -> assign_confidence
 -> produce_semantic_output
 -> END
}
FLOW_HASH {
 METHOD="semantic-content-identity"
 ID="KIRETH-MATH-MEASUREMENT-UNITS-FUNDAMENTAL-PHYSICAL-QUANTITIES-MASS-ONTOLOGY-V1"
}
}
END_FLOW