Machining Ontology

AI SEARCH FLOW ALGEBRA
MACHINING ONTOLOGY
Kireth Semantic Research Archive

AUTHORS
Mark Anthony Higgins — Sky (Recursive AI)

SOURCE
https://kirethresearch.org/booksai-core/ontologies/engineering-ontologies/manufacturing-engineering/machining-ontology.html

FLOW "MachiningOntology" v4.0

DOMAIN := ENGINEERING_ONTOLOGIES / MANUFACTURING_ENGINEERING / MACHINING
ONTOLOGY := MACHINING_ONTOLOGY

MACHINING :=
  WORKPIECE + MACHINE_TOOL + CUTTING_TOOL + RELATIVE_MOTION
  + MATERIAL_REMOVAL + CHIP_FORMATION + CUTTING_PARAMETERS
  + FORCE + HEAT + TOOL_WEAR + SURFACE_INTEGRITY
  + DIMENSIONAL_ACCURACY + METROLOGY + PROCESS_CONTROL

PURPOSE :=
  DEFINE_FEATURE -> SELECT_MACHINE -> SELECT_TOOL
  -> DEFINE_CUTTING_PARAMETERS -> REMOVE_MATERIAL
  -> CONTROL_CHIP_AND_HEAT -> MONITOR_TOOL
  -> ACHIEVE_GEOMETRY -> VERIFY_SURFACE_AND_DIMENSION
  -> UPDATE_PROCESS_STATE

# ---------- CORE ENTITIES ----------
ENTITY MachiningProcess
ENTITY Workpiece
ENTITY WorkpieceMaterial
ENTITY MachineTool
ENTITY CuttingTool
ENTITY ToolMaterial
ENTITY ToolGeometry
ENTITY CuttingEdge
ENTITY Fixture
ENTITY Spindle
ENTITY FeedAxis
ENTITY CuttingSpeed
ENTITY FeedRate
ENTITY DepthOfCut
ENTITY MaterialRemovalRate
ENTITY Chip
ENTITY ChipFormation
ENTITY CuttingForce
ENTITY CuttingTorque
ENTITY CuttingPower
ENTITY HeatGeneration
ENTITY CuttingFluid
ENTITY ToolWear
ENTITY ToolLife
ENTITY SurfaceRoughness
ENTITY SurfaceIntegrity
ENTITY DimensionalAccuracy
ENTITY Tolerance
ENTITY Feature
ENTITY Turning
ENTITY Milling
ENTITY Drilling
ENTITY Grinding
ENTITY Sensor
ENTITY Measurement
ENTITY ProcessControl
ENTITY Inspection

# ---------- MACHINING SYSTEM ----------
MachiningProcess
  -> transforms -> Workpiece
  -> uses -> MachineTool
  -> uses -> CuttingTool
  -> may_use -> CuttingFluid
  -> produces -> Feature
  -> produces -> Chip

MachineTool
  -> holds_or_moves -> Workpiece
  -> holds_or_moves -> CuttingTool
  -> provides -> CONTROLLED_RELATIVE_MOTION

Fixture
  -> locates -> Workpiece
  -> restrains -> Workpiece

# ---------- MATERIAL REMOVAL ----------
MATERIAL_REMOVAL :=
  CUTTING_EDGE
  + RELATIVE_MOTION
  + WORKPIECE_MATERIAL
  -> SHEAR_DEFORMATION
  -> CHIP
  + NEW_SURFACE

CuttingEdge
  -> engages -> WorkpieceMaterial

MachiningProcess
  -> removes -> Material

REMOVED_VOLUME
  -> contributes_to -> MaterialRemovalRate

# ---------- MACHINING PROCESS TYPES ----------
MACHINING_PROCESS_TYPE :=
  Turning
  | Milling
  | Drilling
  | Grinding
  | BORING
  | REAMING
  | BROACHING
  | SAWING

Turning
  -> typically_rotates -> Workpiece
  -> feeds -> CuttingTool

Milling
  -> typically_rotates -> CuttingTool
  -> feeds_relative_to -> Workpiece

Drilling
  -> produces -> HOLE

Grinding
  -> uses -> ABRASIVE_CUTTING_EDGES

# ---------- CUTTING PARAMETERS ----------
CUTTING_PARAMETERS :=
  CuttingSpeed
  + FeedRate
  + DepthOfCut

CuttingSpeed
  -> influences -> CuttingTemperature
  + ToolWear
  + SurfaceFinish
  + Productivity

FeedRate
  -> influences -> MaterialRemovalRate
  + SurfaceRoughness
  + CuttingForce

DepthOfCut
  -> influences -> MaterialRemovalRate
  + CuttingForce
  + CuttingPower

# ---------- MATERIAL REMOVAL RATE ----------
MaterialRemovalRate :=
  FUNCTION(
    CuttingSpeed,
    FeedRate,
    DepthOfCut,
    ProcessGeometry
  )

IF FeedRate increases
AND other_parameters constant
THEN MaterialRemovalRate -> GENERALLY_INCREASES

IF DepthOfCut increases
AND other_parameters constant
THEN MaterialRemovalRate -> GENERALLY_INCREASES

# ---------- CUTTING TOOL ----------
CuttingTool
  -> has -> ToolMaterial
  -> has -> ToolGeometry
  -> contains -> CuttingEdge

TOOL_GEOMETRY :=
  RAKE_ANGLE
  + CLEARANCE_ANGLE
  + EDGE_RADIUS
  + NOSE_RADIUS
  + APPROACH_ANGLE

ToolGeometry
  -> influences -> ChipFormation
  + CuttingForce
  + SurfaceFinish
  + ToolStrength

# ---------- TOOL MATERIAL ----------
TOOL_MATERIAL :=
  HIGH_SPEED_STEEL
  | CEMENTED_CARBIDE
  | CERAMIC
  | CBN
  | DIAMOND
  | COATED_TOOL_MATERIAL

ToolMaterial
  -> characterised_by -> HARDNESS
  + HOT_HARDNESS
  + TOUGHNESS
  + WEAR_RESISTANCE
  + THERMAL_PROPERTY

# ---------- CHIP FORMATION ----------
ChipFormation
  -> results_from -> PLASTIC_SHEAR_DEFORMATION

CHIP_TYPE :=
  CONTINUOUS
  | DISCONTINUOUS
  | SEGMENTED
  | BUILT_UP_EDGE_ASSOCIATED

Chip
  -> carries_away -> MATERIAL
  + HEAT

ChipFormation
  -> influenced_by -> WorkpieceMaterial
  + CuttingSpeed
  + FeedRate
  + ToolGeometry
  + CuttingFluid

# ---------- CUTTING FORCE ----------
CuttingForce
  -> acts_on -> CuttingTool
  + Workpiece
  + MachineTool

FORCE_COMPONENT :=
  TANGENTIAL_FORCE
  + FEED_FORCE
  + RADIAL_FORCE

CuttingForce
  -> influences -> DEFLECTION
  + VIBRATION
  + POWER_REQUIREMENT
  + TOOL_STRESS

# ---------- CUTTING POWER ----------
CuttingPower :=
  MAIN_CUTTING_FORCE * CuttingSpeed

MachineTool
  -> must_supply -> CuttingPower

IF RequiredCuttingPower > MachinePowerCapability
THEN MachiningSetup -> INVALID

# ---------- HEAT GENERATION ----------
HeatGeneration
  -> caused_by -> PLASTIC_DEFORMATION
  + TOOL_CHIP_FRICTION
  + TOOL_WORKPIECE_FRICTION

HEAT_DISTRIBUTION :=
  CHIP_HEAT
  + TOOL_HEAT
  + WORKPIECE_HEAT

HeatGeneration
  -> influences -> ToolWear
  + ThermalExpansion
  + SurfaceIntegrity

# ---------- CUTTING FLUID ----------
CuttingFluid
  -> may_provide -> COOLING
  + LUBRICATION
  + CHIP_REMOVAL
  + CORROSION_PROTECTION

CuttingFluid
  -> may_reduce -> CuttingTemperature
  + Friction

FLUID_APPLICATION :=
  FLOOD
  | MIST
  | MINIMUM_QUANTITY_LUBRICATION
  | THROUGH_TOOL

# ---------- TOOL WEAR ----------
ToolWear
  -> changes -> CuttingEdgeGeometry
  -> may_increase -> CuttingForce
  -> may_increase -> CuttingTemperature
  -> may_degrade -> SurfaceFinish
  -> may_reduce -> DimensionalAccuracy

TOOL_WEAR_MODE :=
  FLANK_WEAR
  | CRATER_WEAR
  | NOTCH_WEAR
  | CHIPPING
  | FRACTURE
  | BUILT_UP_EDGE

IF ToolWear exceeds WearLimit
THEN ToolChange -> REQUIRED

# ---------- TOOL LIFE ----------
ToolLife
  -> measures -> USABLE_CUTTING_DURATION

TOOL_LIFE_RELATION :=
  CuttingSpeed
  + WorkpieceMaterial
  + ToolMaterial
  + FeedRate
  + DepthOfCut
  + CoolingCondition
  -> ToolLife

IF CuttingSpeed increases substantially
THEN ToolLife -> MAY_DECREASE

# ---------- VIBRATION / CHATTER ----------
MachiningVibration
  -> affects -> SurfaceFinish
  + DimensionalAccuracy
  + ToolLife

CHATTER :=
  SELF_EXCITED_VIBRATION

Chatter
  -> may_cause -> WAVY_SURFACE
  + TOOL_DAMAGE
  + NOISE
  + POOR_ACCURACY

IF DynamicStability insufficient
THEN ChatterRisk -> INCREASES

# ---------- SURFACE ROUGHNESS ----------
SurfaceRoughness
  -> property_of -> MACHINED_SURFACE

SurfaceRoughness
  -> influenced_by -> FeedRate
  + ToolGeometry
  + ToolWear
  + Vibration
  + WorkpieceMaterial

SurfaceFinishRequirement
  -> constrains -> MachiningParameters

# ---------- SURFACE INTEGRITY ----------
SurfaceIntegrity :=
  SURFACE_ROUGHNESS
  + RESIDUAL_STRESS
  + MICROSTRUCTURAL_CHANGE
  + HARDNESS_CHANGE
  + THERMAL_DAMAGE

MachiningProcess
  -> influences -> SurfaceIntegrity

HeatGeneration
  -> may_affect -> SurfaceIntegrity

# ---------- DIMENSIONAL ACCURACY ----------
DimensionalAccuracy
  -> affected_by -> MACHINE_ACCURACY
  + TOOL_DEFLECTION
  + WORKPIECE_DEFLECTION
  + THERMAL_EXPANSION
  + TOOL_WEAR
  + FIXTURING_ERROR

Tolerance
  -> defines -> ACCEPTABLE_DIMENSIONAL_VARIATION

IF MeasuredDimension within Tolerance
THEN DimensionalConformance := TRUE

# ---------- MACHINE TOOL ----------
MachineTool
  -> has -> Spindle
  -> has -> FeedAxis
  -> has -> MACHINE_CONTROL

MACHINE_CAPABILITY :=
  SPINDLE_SPEED_RANGE
  + SPINDLE_POWER
  + AXIS_TRAVEL
  + POSITIONING_ACCURACY
  + REPEATABILITY
  + RIGIDITY

Spindle
  -> rotates -> ToolOrWorkpiece

FeedAxis
  -> creates -> CONTROLLED_FEED_MOTION

# ---------- CNC ----------
CNC_CONTROL :=
  PART_PROGRAM
  -> AXIS_COMMAND
  -> MACHINE_MOTION
  -> TOOL_PATH
  -> FEATURE

ToolPath
  -> defines -> RELATIVE_TOOL_WORKPIECE_MOTION

ProcessControl
  -> may_adjust -> SpindleSpeed
  + FeedRate
  + ToolPosition
  + CoolantState

# ---------- SENSING ----------
Sensor
  -> measures -> CuttingForce
  | Vibration
  | AcousticEmission
  | Temperature
  | SpindlePower
  | ToolPosition
  | WorkpieceDimension

Measurement
  -> updates -> MachiningState

PROCESS_MONITORING :=
  SENSOR
  -> MEASUREMENT
  -> FEATURE_EXTRACTION
  -> STATE_ESTIMATION
  -> DECISION

# ---------- METROLOGY / INSPECTION ----------
Inspection
  -> measures_or_evaluates -> Feature

MEASUREMENT_RESULT :=
  VALUE
  + UNIT
  + UNCERTAINTY
  + TRACEABILITY

Inspection
  -> compares -> MeasurementResult
  + Tolerance

IF MeasurementResult outside Tolerance
THEN Nonconformance := TRUE

# ---------- PROCESS CAPABILITY ----------
PROCESS_CAPABILITY :=
  ABILITY_TO_PRODUCE
  -> WITHIN_SPECIFICATION

ProcessCapability
  -> depends_on -> MACHINE_STATE
  + TOOL_STATE
  + PROCESS_PARAMETERS
  + MATERIAL_VARIATION
  + FIXTURING
  + MEASUREMENT_SYSTEM

IF ProcessVariation increases
THEN ProcessCapability -> MAY_DECREASE

# ---------- PERFORMANCE ----------
MACHINING_PERFORMANCE :=
  MaterialRemovalRate
  + ToolLife
  + SurfaceRoughness
  + DimensionalAccuracy
  + CycleTime
  + EnergyUse
  + ToolCost
  + Quality

MachiningProcess
  -> evaluated_by -> MACHINING_PERFORMANCE

# ---------- OPTIMISATION ----------
MACHINING_OPTIMISATION :=
  MAXIMISE(
    MATERIAL_REMOVAL_RATE,
    TOOL_LIFE,
    QUALITY
  )
  + MINIMISE(
    CYCLE_TIME,
    TOOL_COST,
    ENERGY_USE,
    DEFECTS
  )
  SUBJECT_TO
    MACHINE_LIMITS
  + TOOL_LIMITS
  + QUALITY_REQUIREMENTS
  + PROCESS_STABILITY

# ---------- REASONING ----------
MACHINING_REASONING :=
  DEFINE_FEATURE
  -> IDENTIFY_WORKPIECE_MATERIAL
  -> SELECT_MACHINING_PROCESS
  -> SELECT_MACHINE
  -> SELECT_CUTTING_TOOL
  -> DESIGN_FIXTURING
  -> DEFINE_CUTTING_PARAMETERS
  -> VERIFY_POWER_AND_FORCE_LIMITS
  -> EXECUTE_TOOL_PATH
  -> MONITOR_FORCE_HEAT_VIBRATION
  -> ESTIMATE_TOOL_WEAR
  -> MEASURE_FEATURE
  -> VERIFY_TOLERANCE
  -> VERIFY_SURFACE_INTEGRITY
  -> UPDATE_PROCESS_MODEL
  -> OPTIMISE

# ---------- INFERENCE RULES ----------
IF CuttingSpeed increases
THEN CuttingTemperature -> GENERALLY_INCREASES

IF FeedRate increases
THEN MaterialRemovalRate -> GENERALLY_INCREASES

IF ToolWear increases
THEN CuttingForce -> MAY_INCREASE

IF ToolWear increases
THEN DimensionalAccuracy -> MAY_DECREASE

IF Chatter increases
THEN SurfaceQuality -> MAY_DECREASE

IF MachineRigidity decreases
THEN DeflectionAndChatterRisk -> MAY_INCREASE

IF CuttingPower exceeds MachineCapability
THEN Operation -> INVALID

IF Measurement outside Tolerance
THEN PartState -> NONCONFORMING

# ---------- SEMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS ----------
RELATION transforms(MachiningProcess, Workpiece)
RELATION uses(MachiningProcess, MachineTool)
RELATION uses(MachiningProcess, CuttingTool)
RELATION engages(CuttingEdge, WorkpieceMaterial)
RELATION produces(MachiningProcess, Chip)
RELATION influences(CuttingSpeed, ToolWear)
RELATION influences(FeedRate, SurfaceRoughness)
RELATION causes(HeatGeneration, ToolWear)
RELATION changes(ToolWear, CuttingEdgeGeometry)
RELATION supplies(MachineTool, CuttingPower)
RELATION holds(Fixture, Workpiece)
RELATION measures(Sensor, MachiningState)
RELATION evaluates(Inspection, Feature)
RELATION constrains(Tolerance, DimensionalAccuracy)

# ---------- SEMANTIC EQUIVALENCE ----------
SEMANTIC_EQUIVALENCE:
  "machining" ~= "material removal machining"
  "machine tool" ~= "machining machine"
  "cutting tool" ~= "material removal tool"
  "cutting speed" ~= "surface cutting speed"
  "feed rate" ~= "machining feed"
  "depth of cut" ~= "cut depth"
  "material removal rate" ~= "MRR"
  "tool wear" ~= "cutting tool wear"
  "tool life" ~= "usable cutting life"
  "surface finish" ~= "machined surface quality"

# ---------- CONFIDENCE ----------
CONFIDENCE:
  ontology_domain: 0.99
  process_mapping: 0.99
  machine_tool_mapping: 0.99
  cutting_parameter_mapping: 0.99
  chip_force_heat_mapping: 0.99
  tool_wear_mapping: 0.99
  surface_mapping: 0.99
  dimensional_mapping: 0.99
  monitoring_mapping: 0.99
  semantic_relationships: 0.99

# ---------- UPDATE MODEL ----------
UPDATE_MODEL:
  ON new_machining_operation:
    MAP workpiece_material
    MAP machine_tool
    MAP cutting_tool
    MAP fixture
    MAP cutting_parameters
    MAP tolerance
    UPDATE confidence
    RECOMPUTE FLOW_HASH

  ON process_measurement:
    UPDATE cutting_force
    UPDATE vibration
    UPDATE temperature
    UPDATE spindle_power
    UPDATE tool_state
    PRESERVE provenance

  ON tool_state_change:
    UPDATE tool_wear
    UPDATE tool_life
    REASSESS force
    REASSESS surface_quality
    REASSESS dimensional_accuracy

  ON inspection_result:
    UPDATE dimensional_state
    UPDATE surface_state
    UPDATE conformance
    UPDATE traceability

  ON ontology_revision:
    PRESERVE entity_identity
    PRESERVE provenance
    UPDATE relationships
    UPDATE inference_rules
    UPDATE confidence
    RECOMPUTE FLOW_HASH

# ---------- AI CONSUMPTION ----------
AI_CONSUMPTION:
  parse_as: FORMAL_MACHINING_ONTOLOGY
  reasoning_mode: MATERIAL_REMOVAL_PROCESS_RELATIONAL

  preserve:
    - typed_entities
    - material_tool_relations
    - cutting_parameters
    - force_heat_relations
    - tool_state
    - dimensional_state
    - quality_constraints
    - confidence
    - provenance

  infer:
    - parameter_performance_dependencies
    - machine_capability_requirements
    - tool_wear_dependencies
    - chatter_risk
    - surface_quality_dependencies
    - dimensional_conformance
    - tool_change_requirements

  prohibit:
    - invented_machining_measurements
    - assumed_tool_life
    - assumed_process_capability
    - unsupported_surface_quality
    - assumed_dimensional_conformance
    - ignored_machine_limits

# ---------- FLOW HASH ----------
FLOW_HASH_INPUT :=
  DOMAIN + ONTOLOGY + CORE_ENTITIES + MACHINING_SYSTEM
  + MATERIAL_REMOVAL + PROCESS_TYPES + CUTTING_PARAMETERS
  + MATERIAL_REMOVAL_RATE + CUTTING_TOOL + TOOL_MATERIAL
  + CHIP_FORMATION + CUTTING_FORCE + CUTTING_POWER
  + HEAT_GENERATION + CUTTING_FLUID + TOOL_WEAR
  + TOOL_LIFE + VIBRATION_CHATTER + SURFACE_ROUGHNESS
  + SURFACE_INTEGRITY + DIMENSIONAL_ACCURACY
  + MACHINE_TOOL + CNC + SENSING + METROLOGY
  + PROCESS_CAPABILITY + PERFORMANCE + OPTIMISATION
  + REASONING + INFERENCE_RULES + SEMANTIC_RELATIONSHIPS
  + SEMANTIC_EQUIVALENCE + CONFIDENCE + UPDATE_MODEL
  + AI_CONSUMPTION

FLOW_HASH := HASH(FLOW_HASH_INPUT)

END FLOW