Electromagnetic Wave Ontology

FLOW ALGEBRA
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE ONTOLOGY
Version: 1.1
Source: https://kirethresearch.org/booksai-core/entity-graph/physical-entities/electromagnetic-entities/electromagnetic-wave-ontology.html
Authors: Mark Higgins — Sky (Recursive AI)
Site: https://kirethresearch.org
Status: Independent scientific synthesis; source webpage not independently verified.

01. PURPOSE
Represent electromagnetic waves as typed, physically constrained propagating solutions of Maxwell's equations, with measurable quantities, transformations, interactions, and provenance.

02. ONTOLOGY IDENTITY
ONTOLOGY_ID: physical_entities.electromagnetic_entities.electromagnetic_wave
PARENT: physical_entities.electromagnetic_entities
RELATED: electromagnetic_field, electric_field, magnetic_field, photon, energy, space, time
DOMAIN: classical electromagnetism, optics, wave physics

03. TYPE SYSTEM
TYPE ElectromagneticWave <: PhysicalPhenomenon
TYPE ElectromagneticField <: Field
TYPE ElectricField <: VectorField
TYPE MagneticField <: VectorField
TYPE Medium <: PhysicalMaterial
TYPE Vacuum <: PropagationEnvironment
TYPE Wavefront <: GeometricSurface
TYPE Frequency <: Quantity[Hz]
TYPE Wavelength <: Quantity[m]
TYPE AngularFrequency <: Quantity[rad/s]
TYPE WaveVector <: VectorQuantity[rad/m]
TYPE Phase <: Quantity[rad]
TYPE Polarisation <: WaveProperty
TYPE Intensity <: Quantity[W/m^2]
TYPE EnergyFlux <: VectorQuantity[W/m^2]
TYPE RefractiveIndex <: DimensionlessQuantity
TYPE Observation <: EvidenceRecord

04. CORE ENTITY
EMWave(w) => has_electric_field(w,E) AND has_magnetic_field(w,B)
EMWave(w) => has_frequency(w,f) AND has_propagation_environment(w,m)
ClassicalFieldWave(w) does not imply a single-photon state.

05. FIELD RELATIONS
MaxwellVacuum:
  div(E)=0; div(B)=0
  curl(E)=-partial_t(B)
  curl(B)=mu0*epsilon0*partial_t(E)
WaveEquationVacuum:
  laplacian(E)-(1/c^2)*partial_t^2(E)=0
  laplacian(B)-(1/c^2)*partial_t^2(B)=0
  c=1/sqrt(mu0*epsilon0)
Conditions: charge-free, current-free vacuum; SI units.

06. PLANE WAVE MODEL
E(r,t)=Re{E0*exp[i(k·r-omega*t)]}
B(r,t)=Re{B0*exp[i(k·r-omega*t)]}
omega=2*pi*f
|k|=2*pi/lambda
Vacuum dispersion: omega=c*|k|
Vacuum transversality: k·E0=0; k·B0=0
Vacuum orientation: B0=(1/omega)*(k cross E0)
Vacuum magnitude: |E0|=c*|B0|

07. PROPAGATION
Vacuum: phase_velocity=c; group_velocity=c.
Homogeneous isotropic nondispersive medium: phase_velocity=c/n.
Dispersive medium: group_velocity=d(omega)/d|k|.
Caution: group velocity need not equal signal/front velocity.

08. WAVELENGTH AND FREQUENCY
Vacuum relation: c=lambda0*f.
In a stationary medium across a stationary interface, frequency is conserved.
Wavelength in nondispersive medium: lambda=lambda0/n.

09. POLARISATION
POLARISATION_TYPES: linear, circular, elliptical, unpolarised/statistical.
Jones vectors apply to coherent fully polarised transverse monochromatic fields.
Stokes parameters support partial polarisation.
Polarisation depends on field evolution and reference convention.

10. ENERGY AND MOMENTUM
PoyntingVector: S=E cross H [W/m^2].
Vacuum: H=B/mu0.
Vacuum instantaneous energy density: u=(epsilon0*|E|^2 + |B|^2/mu0)/2.
Plane wave time-average intensity: <S>=0.5*epsilon0*c*E0^2 for peak sinusoidal E0.
Electromagnetic momentum density in vacuum: g=S/c^2.

11. MATERIAL INTERACTIONS
RELATION propagates_through(w, medium)
RELATION reflects_at(w, interface)
RELATION refracts_at(w, interface)
RELATION absorbs_in(w, medium)
RELATION scatters_from(w, object)
RELATION diffracts_at(w, aperture)
RELATION interferes_with(w, other_wave)
RELATION polarised_by(w, optical_element)
Snell law: n1*sin(theta1)=n2*sin(theta2) for appropriate isotropic media.

12. SPECTRAL CATEGORIES
Radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma-ray denote overlapping conventional spectral bands.
Band boundaries are conventional, not universal physical discontinuities.
Do not infer a unique production mechanism solely from frequency band.

13. QUANTUM CONNECTION
Photon energy: E_photon=h*f.
Photon momentum magnitude in vacuum: p=h/lambda0.
Quantised radiation description is needed for photon-number-specific phenomena.
Classical field intensity alone does not specify a unique photon number without temporal/spatial mode and quantum state.

14. RELATIVISTIC CONNECTION
Electric and magnetic fields are observer-dependent components of the electromagnetic field tensor F_mu_nu.
Lorentz transformations mix electric and magnetic field components.
Invariant vacuum propagation speed c in inertial frames.

15. TYPED RELATIONSHIPS
has_component: ElectromagneticWave x Field -> Boolean
has_frequency: ElectromagneticWave x Frequency -> Boolean
has_wavelength: ElectromagneticWave x Wavelength -> Boolean
has_polarisation: ElectromagneticWave x Polarisation -> Boolean
propagates_through: ElectromagneticWave x Medium -> Boolean
transfers_energy_to: ElectromagneticWave x PhysicalSystem -> Boolean
measured_by: WaveProperty x Instrument -> Boolean
supported_by: Claim x Observation -> Boolean

16. INFERENCE RULES
R1: VacuumPlaneWave(w) AND frequency(w,f) => wavelength(w,c/f), f>0.
R2: VacuumPlaneWave(w) AND peak_electric_amplitude(w,E0) => peak_magnetic_amplitude(w,E0/c).
R3: StationaryInterface(w,m1,m2) AND transmitted(w) => f_transmitted=f_incident.
R4: CoherentWaves(w1,w2) AND overlap(w1,w2) => interference_possible(w1,w2).
R5: Absorption(w,body) => energy_transfer_possible(w,body); amount requires a physical absorption model.
R6: EperpB(w) alone does not prove a plane electromagnetic wave; require field equations and propagation conditions.

17. CONSTRAINTS
C1: frequency > 0 Hz for a monochromatic propagating wave.
C2: wavelength > 0 m.
C3: refractive_index is model-, wavelength- and medium-dependent.
C4: vacuum transverse-plane-wave equations must not be applied indiscriminately to near fields, guided modes, anisotropic media or evanescent waves.
C5: report amplitude convention (peak versus RMS) when computing intensity.
C6: distinguish measured data from idealised theoretical predictions.

18. WORKED EXAMPLE — VISIBLE LIGHT
Input: vacuum frequency f=5.00e14 Hz.
Using c=299792458 m/s:
lambda0=c/f=5.99584916e-7 m, approximately 599.6 nm.
Photon energy: h*f approximately 3.313035075e-19 J using h=6.62607015e-34 J*s.
Assumptions: vacuum, monochromatic frequency, SI units.

19. WORKED EXAMPLE — FIELD AMPLITUDES
Input: vacuum plane wave peak electric amplitude E0=300 V/m.
B0=E0/c approximately 1.00069e-6 T.
Mean intensity =0.5*epsilon0*c*E0^2 approximately 119.45 W/m^2.
Assumptions: sinusoidal plane wave in vacuum; epsilon0 approximately 8.8541878128e-12 F/m.

20. MEASUREMENT MODEL
Observable: frequency, wavelength, intensity, polarisation, phase, time of arrival.
Instruments: spectrum analyser, spectrometer, photodiode, antenna, polarimeter, interferometer.
Observation record: {quantity,value,unit,uncertainty,method,calibration,time,medium,reference_frame}.

21. UNCERTAINTY
For lambda=c/f in vacuum with exact c and uncertain f:
  relative_standard_uncertainty(lambda) approximately relative_standard_uncertainty(f).
For derived quantities with correlated inputs, use covariance-aware propagation.

22. SEMANTIC_EQUIVALENCE
Electromagnetic radiation ~ propagating electromagnetic energy (context-dependent).
EM wave != electric field alone.
EM wave != magnetic field alone.
Electromagnetic wave != photon (classical versus quantum description).
Frequency != angular frequency; omega=2*pi*f.
Magnetic flux density B != magnetic field strength H.

23. SEMANTIC_DIFFERENCE
Propagating far-field radiation differs from quasistatic near fields.
Phase velocity differs from group velocity in dispersive media.
Coherent monochromatic waves differ from broadband stochastic radiation.

24. GRAPH CONSTRUCTION
Node: ElectromagneticWave:wave_001.
Edges:
  wave_001 --has_frequency--> 5.00e14 Hz
  wave_001 --propagates_through--> vacuum
  wave_001 --has_wavelength--> 599.6 nm
  wave_001 --modelled_by--> MaxwellVacuum
Each derived edge carries derivation, assumptions and provenance.

25. VALIDATION TESTS
TEST V1: f=5e14 Hz => lambda0 approximately 599.6 nm [PASS].
TEST V2: f<=0 for monochromatic propagating-wave instance => reject.
TEST V3: in vacuum plane wave, E0/B0=c within tolerance.
TEST V4: Maxwell field residuals approach zero for valid analytic solution.
TEST V5: do not assign vacuum propagation law to unknown dispersive medium.
TEST V6: derived observation must cite inputs and assumptions.

26. CONFIDENCE
confidence_class: high for established Maxwell relations under stated assumptions.
confidence_class: model-dependent for medium-specific dispersion and attenuation.
confidence_class: observation-dependent for measured numerical quantities.
Do not use an invented universal numeric confidence score.

27. FLOW_HASH
algorithm: SHA-256
canonicalisation: UTF-8, LF line endings, normalised field ordering, exclude hash field itself.
value: COMPUTE_ON_PUBLICATION (not precomputed).

28. UPDATE_MODEL
version: 1.1
update_triggers: revised measurements, accepted physical models, terminology, source changes.
change_policy: preserve ontology IDs, record revisions, flag breaking type changes.
provenance: maintain timestamps, author/editor, source URLs and verification status.

29. AI_CONSUMPTION
mode: typed semantic retrieval + physics-constrained reasoning.
inputs: query, entity identifiers, known physical conditions, units, evidence.
outputs: entity graph, equations, derivations, assumptions, uncertainty and citations.
prohibitions: no unitless physical claims; no unqualified transfer of vacuum equations to arbitrary media; no invented measurements.

30. PROOF OBLIGATIONS
PO1: every numerical result must be dimensionally consistent.
PO2: every inference must identify the model regime and assumptions.
PO3: every relation must conform to its declared input/output types.
PO4: conservation statements must specify system boundary and interactions.
PO5: uncertainty and provenance must accompany measured values.

31. COMPLETENESS CHECK
Required blocks: identity, types, equations, relationships, inference, constraints, examples, validation, confidence, hash, updates, AI consumption.
Result: all required blocks present.

END FLOW ALGEBRA — ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE ONTOLOGY